Elephantopus scaber

NAME: Elephantopus scaber

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: Elephant's Foot, Prickly Elephant's Foot, Elephant's Ear

LOCAL NAMES: Vilati Akkota (India), Japica (Brazil), Ungu babi (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elephantopus scaber is a perennial herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of 30-90 centimeters. It has a rosette of basal leaves and produces flowering stems with smaller leaves. The leaves are thick, lance-shaped, and have serrated edges. The plant bears inflorescences with numerous small, tubular flowers that are white or pale lavender in color. After pollination, the flowers produce small, dry fruits containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Elephantopus scaber are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Elephantopus scaber has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems. The leaves and roots are used to prepare herbal remedies for various ailments, including respiratory conditions, digestive disorders, skin diseases, and inflammation. It is also used as a diuretic and to promote wound healing.

2. Culinary Uses: In some cultures, the young leaves of Elephantopus scaber are consumed as a vegetable. They are often cooked or added to soups and stews for their nutritional value and unique flavor.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elephantopus scaber is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It can be found in countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. It tends to thrive in open areas, including grasslands, fields, and disturbed habitats.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Elephantopus scaber, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elephantopus scaber is not known to have significant negative environmental impacts. It is a resilient plant that can tolerate a range of environmental conditions. However, as with any plant species, its introduction to new habitats outside its native range could potentially lead to unintended ecological consequences.

FUN FACT: The common name "Elephant's Foot" is inspired by the shape and appearance of the plant's basal leaves, which resemble the foot of an elephant. This unique characteristic gives the plant its distinctive and memorable name.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use, Experience, Facts" by T. M. Vogl and W. Sticher

• "Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline" by R. Schultes and S. von Reis

Elaeophorbia drupifera

NAME: Elaeophorbia drupifera

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Olive Spurge, Plum-fruited Spurge

LOCAL NAMES: Not available

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is a succulent shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height. It has a woody stem with multiple branches and is covered with thorny spines. The leaves are small, alternate, and fleshy, with a bluish-green color. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color. The flowers are followed by drupe-like fruits that are green when unripe and turn black or dark purple when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: The latex of Elaeophorbia drupifera has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is used topically to relieve pain, treat skin conditions, and promote wound healing.

2. Cultural and Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Elaeophorbia drupifera has symbolic and ritual significance. It is believed to possess protective properties and is used in spiritual practices or ceremonies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is native to parts of Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Congo. It is found in diverse habitats, including savannahs, open woodlands, and disturbed areas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeophorbia drupifera appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elaeophorbia drupifera is known to be a highly invasive species in some regions. It can spread rapidly and outcompete native plant species, leading to the displacement of native vegetation and a decrease in biodiversity. It is important to manage and control its spread to protect natural ecosystems.

FUN FACT: The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is milky white and contains toxic compounds called diterpene esters. These compounds can cause skin irritation and are known to be toxic to certain animals. Proper caution should be exercised when handling this plant.

Further Reading:

• "Invasive Alien Species in Southern Africa: National Reports and Directory of Resources" edited by I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, and A. A. Ferrar

Elaeis guineensis

NAME: Elaeis guineensis

FAMILY: Arecaceae

COMMON NAMES: African Oil Palm, Guinea Oil Palm

LOCAL NAMES: Dura (Nigeria), Raphia (Cameroon), Palma Aceitera (Spanish), Kelapa Sawit (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeis guineensis is a tall, single-stemmed palm tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a smooth, grayish-brown trunk and a crown of large, pinnate leaves. The leaves are arranged spirally and can reach lengths of up to 5 meters. Each leaf is composed of numerous leaflets that are dark green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface. Elaeis guineensis produces small, yellowish flowers that are borne on branched inflorescences. The flowers are followed by oval-shaped fruits, about the size of a plum, which turn from green to orange or red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruit of Elaeis guineensis, commonly known as the oil palm fruit, is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Edible Oil Production: The oil palm fruit is a rich source of edible oil, known as palm oil. Palm oil is widely used in cooking, food processing, and the production of various consumer products, such as margarine, confectionery, and cosmetics.

2. Industrial Applications: Palm oil is also utilized in various industrial sectors, including biodiesel production, soap manufacturing, and oleochemical industries. It serves as a versatile ingredient in the production of lubricants, candles, detergents, and personal care products.

3. By-Products: Several by-products of the oil palm industry have economic uses. The fibrous mesocarp of the fruit, known as palm kernel fiber, is used in the production of mattresses, ropes, and mats. The palm kernel itself is a source of palm kernel oil, which is used in cooking and as a raw material in the production of soaps and cosmetics.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeis guineensis is native to West Africa and is widely cultivated in tropical regions across the globe. It is extensively grown in countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Colombia. These regions provide favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of oil palm.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeis guineensis appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The cultivation of Elaeis guineensis, particularly for palm oil production, has significant environmental implications. Large-scale plantations often involve deforestation and land conversion, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline. Additionally, the drainage of peatlands for oil palm cultivation can result in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable practices and certifications are being implemented to mitigate these environmental impacts.

FUN FACT: Elaeis guineensis is one of the most efficient oil-bearing crops, producing higher oil yields per unit of land compared to other oil crops. This efficiency has contributed to its widespread cultivation and economic importance in the palm oil industry.

Further Reading:

• "Palm Oil and the Environment: A Case Study of Malaysia" by W. M. Chan et al.

• "The Oil Palm" edited by R. H. V. Corley and P. B. H. Tinker

Ekebergia capensis

NAME: Ekebergia capensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Cape Ash, Dogplum, Essenhout

LOCAL NAMES: Witessenhout (South Africa), Mlungumeli (Swaziland), Muhimbi (Zimbabwe), Mutondo (Malawi)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia capensis is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured as the tree matures. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are oblong, glossy green, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia capensis produces small, fragrant, cream-colored flowers that are arranged in clusters. The tree bears small, spherical fruits that turn from green to yellow as they ripen.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ekebergia capensis are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia capensis is valued for its timber, which is commonly known as Cape Ash. The wood is durable, termite-resistant, and has a light brown to reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and musical instruments.

2. Medicinal Applications: The bark and leaves of Ekebergia capensis have traditional medicinal uses in different African cultures. They are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The bark is also employed as a toothbrush substitute.

3. Cultural Significance: Ekebergia capensis holds cultural importance in various African communities. It is often associated with ancestral beliefs and is used in rituals, ceremonies, and traditional practices.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia capensis is native to southern Africa and can be found in countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland, and Mozambique. It typically occurs in various habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and riverine forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia capensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia capensis provides important ecological benefits in its native range. The tree offers shade, habitat, and food sources for various animal species, including birds and insects. It contributes to biodiversity and plays a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.

FUN FACT: In South Africa, Ekebergia capensis is known as "Essenhout," which translates to "Ash Wood." This name is derived from the fact that the wood of the tree resembles that of true ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in color and texture, although they are not closely related.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia capensis: A Valuable Tree Species of Southern Africa" by J. H. Coetzee

Ekebergia senegalensis

NAME: Ekebergia senegalensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Senegal Mahogany, African Mahogany, Nargustan

LOCAL NAMES: Akomfem (Ghana), Irosun (Nigeria), Azim (Senegal), Mvule (Uganda)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 25 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured with age. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are dark green, elliptical in shape, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia senegalensis produces small, fragrant white flowers that are arranged in panicles. The tree bears oval-shaped fruits that contain a single seed.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds of Ekebergia senegalensis have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia senegalensis is highly valued for its timber, which is often referred to as African Mahogany. The wood is durable, resistant to rot and insect attacks, and has a beautiful reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and other high-quality wooden products.

2. Medicinal Applications: Different parts of Ekebergia senegalensis have traditional medicinal uses in various African countries. The bark and leaves are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The seeds are employed in treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.

3. Cultural and Ritual Purposes: In some African cultures, Ekebergia senegalensis is regarded as a sacred tree and plays a significant role in rituals and ceremonies. It is often associated with spiritual and protective qualities.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is native to sub-Saharan Africa and can be found in countries such as Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It thrives in diverse habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and gallery forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia senegalensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia senegalensis is considered a valuable tree species with positive environmental impacts. It provides shade and habitat for various wildlife species, including birds and insects. The tree also contributes to soil fertility through leaf litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.

FUN FACT: In some African folklore, Ekebergia senegalensis is associated with mystical powers and is believed to have the ability to ward off evil spirits. Its wood is sometimes used to carve protective talismans and amulets.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia senegalensis: A Valuable Timber Species of the Sudanian Savanna" by S. J. Siebert

Eichhornia crassipes

NAME: Eichhornia crassipesc

FAMILY: Pontederiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Water Hyacinth, Floating Water Hyacinth, Common Water Hyacinth

LOCAL NAMES: Makhana (India), Kangkung Air (Indonesia), Jacinto de Agua (Spanish), La Renoncule d'eau (French)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eichhornia crassipes is a free-floating aquatic plant with thick, spongy stems and large, rounded, glossy green leaves. The leaves are arranged in a rosette pattern and have a prominent central vein. The plant produces showy, lavender to blue-violet flowers that are borne on a spike-like inflorescence. The flowers have six petals, with the uppermost petal adorned with a yellow spot. Eichhornia crassipes has a root system composed of long, feathery roots that dangle beneath the water's surface.

USEFUL PART(s): The whole plant, including the leaves, stems, roots, and flowers of Eichhornia crassipes, can have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Eichhornia crassipes is cultivated as an ornamental plant in water gardens and ponds due to its attractive flowers and foliage.

2. Phytoremediation: Despite being considered an invasive species in many regions, Eichhornia crassipes has been utilized for its phytoremediation properties. It has the ability to absorb excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from water bodies, helping to improve water quality and combat eutrophication.

3. Livestock Feed: In some areas, Eichhornia crassipes is used as fodder for livestock, particularly cattle and pigs. The plant is harvested, dried, and then incorporated into animal feed as a source of nutrition.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eichhornia crassipes is native to South America but has become widely distributed throughout the world due to its invasive nature. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. The plant thrives in freshwater habitats such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and marshes.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eichhornia crassipes appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and plays a vital role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, chlorophyll captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, facilitating the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eichhornia crassipes can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. While it is appreciated for its phytoremediation abilities, the plant can also be highly invasive and form dense mats on the surface of water bodies. These mats can block sunlight, deplete oxygen levels, and hinder the growth of native aquatic plants, disrupting ecosystems and impacting biodiversity.

FUN FACT: The flowers of Eichhornia crassipes are not only visually striking but also have an interesting adaptation. The flower spike contains specialized air-filled cells that allow the inflorescence to float on the water's surface, enhancing its pollination potential.

Further Reading:

• "Eichhornia crassipes: An invasive plant in the United States" by G. Gopal

Ehretia cymosa

NAME: Ehretia cymosa

FAMILY: Boraginaceae

COMMON NAMES: Koda Tree, Puzzlebark, Carribean Raintree

LOCAL NAMES: Ajoé (Dominican Republic), Hierba del Espino (Mexico), Cocoon Bush (Jamaica), Canistel (Bahamas)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ehretia cymosa is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 12 meters. It has a rounded crown and dense foliage. The bark of the tree is grayish-brown and exhibits a distinct puzzle-like pattern, hence the common name "Puzzlebark." The leaves are simple, arranged alternately, and have an elliptical shape with a smooth margin. They are dark green and glossy on the upper surface, while the underside is lighter in color. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are followed by round, orange to red fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ehretia cymosa are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: In traditional medicine, the bark and leaves of Ehretia cymosa are used to treat various ailments. The bark is believed to possess antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties and is used to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. The leaves are used in remedies for respiratory disorders and gastrointestinal issues.

2. Timber: The wood of Ehretia cymosa is valued for its durability and strength. It is used in carpentry, construction, and the production of furniture and handicrafts.

3. Ornamental Plant: Due to its attractive foliage, Ehretia cymosa is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ehretia cymosa is native to various countries in the Caribbean, including the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. It is also found in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. The tree prefers tropical and subtropical climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Ehretia cymosa appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for capturing light energy from the sun and using it in the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and utilizes this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ehretia cymosa can have a positive impact on the environment as it provides habitat and food for various bird species and pollinators. The tree also contributes to soil stabilization and erosion control.

FUN FACT: The bark of Ehretia cymosa is not only visually intriguing with its puzzle-like pattern but also has a unique characteristic. When the bark is peeled, it emits a distinctive garlic-like odor, which has earned it the local name "Ajoé" in the Dominican Republic.

Further Reading:

• "A morphological study of Ehretia cymosa Ruiz et Pavón (Boraginaceae) using scanning electron microscopy" by M. R. M. Bizzo

Eclipta prostrata

NAME: Eclipta prostrata

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: False Daisy, Yerba de Tago, Bhringraj

LOCAL NAMES: Karisalankanni (Tamil), Bhringaraj (Hindi), Maka Botol (Malay), Han Lian Cao (Chinese), Kesharaja (Sanskrit)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eclipta prostrata is a small annual herb that typically grows in moist, sunny areas. It has a prostrate or spreading habit and can reach a height of up to 50 centimeters. The plant features numerous small, white or yellowish flowers with a central disk surrounded by ray florets. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and have a smooth texture. Eclipta prostrata produces small, black, achene-like fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves, stems, and roots of Eclipta prostrata are commonly used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Eclipta prostrata has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed to have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The plant is used to treat liver disorders, hair loss, skin diseases, respiratory issues, and promote overall well-being.

2. Hair Care: The extract or oil derived from Eclipta prostrata, known as Bhringraj oil, is widely used in hair care products. It is believed to nourish the scalp, strengthen hair follicles, and promote hair growth. Bhringraj oil is used in various hair treatments, including hair oils, shampoos, and conditioners.

3. Culinary Uses: In some regions, the leaves of Eclipta prostrata are used as a culinary ingredient. They are added to salads, stir-fries, and herbal teas for their nutritional value.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eclipta prostrata is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, China, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. It is also found in some parts of Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Due to its wide distribution, it is considered a cosmopolitan weed in many regions.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eclipta prostrata appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun, particularly in the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eclipta prostrata can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. On the positive side, it serves as a food source for various insects and birds. It also helps prevent soil erosion due to its spreading habit and extensive root system.

However, Eclipta prostrata can also become an invasive weed in certain areas, particularly in agricultural fields and disturbed habitats. Its rapid growth and ability to produce a large number of seeds can result in the displacement of native plant species and reduce crop yields.

FUN FACT: In traditional Indian medicine, Eclipta prostrata is considered an important herb for promoting hair health. The name "Bhringraj" in Hindi translates to "King of Hair," highlighting its significance in hair care remedies.

Further Reading:

• "Eclipta prostrata: Its Biological Properties and Traditional Uses in Ayurveda" by R. S. Chaudhary

Echinacea purpurea

NAME: Echinacea purpurea

FAMILY: Asteraceae (Aster family)

COMMON NAMES: Purple Coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower

LOCAL NAMES: The local names may vary depending on the region and language.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Echinacea purpurea is a herbaceous perennial plant with a robust, upright stem. It has lance-shaped leaves with a rough texture and hairy surface. The plant produces large, showy, daisy-like flowers with purple or pink petals and a prominent cone-shaped center.

USEFUL PART(s): The useful parts of Echinacea purpurea are primarily the roots and the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal purposes: Echinacea purpurea is widely used in traditional herbal medicine. The roots and aerial parts of the plant are believed to possess immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in various herbal remedies, particularly for supporting the immune system and promoting overall wellness.

2. Ornamental plant: The attractive flowers of Echinacea purpurea make it a popular choice for gardens and landscaping. It adds color and visual interest to flower beds and attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Echinacea purpurea is native to eastern North America. It is found in a wide range of habitats, including prairies, meadows, and open woodlands. Due to its popularity as an ornamental plant and its medicinal value, it is also cultivated in other regions around the world.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Echinacea purpurea is green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for absorbing sunlight during photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy-rich organic compounds.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Echinacea purpurea has a positive environmental impact as it attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies, which play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining biodiversity. It also contributes to the overall beauty and aesthetics of natural habitats and cultivated landscapes.

FUN FACT: The name "Echinacea" is derived from the Greek word "echinos," which means "hedgehog" or "sea urchin," referring to the spiky cone-shaped center of the flower. Additionally, Echinacea purpurea has a long history of use by Native American tribes for various medicinal purposes.

Further Reading:

• "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench" from the Missouri Botanical Garden

• "Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)" from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

NAME: Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium

FAMILY: Compositae

COMMON NAMES: Pyrethrum, Pyrethrum daisy, Dalmatian pyrethrum, Dalmatian chrysanthemum

LOCAL NAMES: Dalmatian chrysanthemum

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Pyrethrum is a perennial plant with blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100 cm (18 to 39 in) in height. It has a white petaled daisy-like flowers with yellow centers.

USEFUL PART(s): flower heads, seed

GENERAL USES:

• Food

• Ornamental plant

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

China, Japan, Korea, America, Australia, Kenya, Tanzania, Ecuador

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Fever

•   Wounds

• general debility

•   Insecticide.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution

• Pyrethrins are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds compare to other insecticides

FUN FACT

• Pyrethrins gotten from the flowers are among safest insecticides for use around food.

• Insecticides from Pyrethrum are Biodegradable

FURTHER READINGS

Jones GDG (1973) Pyrethrum production. In: Casida JE (ed) Pyrethrum, the natural insecticide. Academic Press, New York, pp 17–22.

Karki A, Rajbhandary SB (1984) Clonal propagation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. (pyrethrum) through tissue culture. Pyrethrum Post 15(4): 118–121.

Roest S, Bokelmann GS (1973) Vegetative propagation of Chrysantheum cinerariaefolium in vitro. Sci Hortic 1:120–122.

Cassada JE (ed) (1973) Pyrethrum — the natural insecticide. Academic Press, London New York.

Chrysanthellum indicum

zambiaflora.com

NAME: Chrysanthellum indicum

FAMILY: Compositae

COMMON NAMES: Indian crysanthemum

LOCAL NAMES: Abilere, Oyigi, fura kuna, Dawodu

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Chrysanthellum indicum is a faintly aromatic, erect, hairless annual herb, growing up to 30 cm tall with yellow or orange-yellow ray florets.

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, flower, seed

GENERAL USES:

• Flowers can be used in beverages and the flower heads are pickled in vinegar

• The leaves are mixed with henna for tinting the nails

• Young leaves can also be used in preparing an aromatic tea

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

 Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Boils

• Fever

• Heart-trouble

• Gonorrhea

• Jaundice

• Insecticide

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The plant is a weed in its native regions.

FUN FACT

Indian crysanthemum is a plant to blossom from August to October.

FURTHER READINGS

Amos, S., Binda, L., Adamu, M., Vongtau, H. O., Abbah, J., Omogbai, E. K. I., Akah, P. A., Bukar, B. B., Wambebe, C., & Gamaniel, K. (2003). Effect of the aqueous extract of Chrysanthellum indicum on calcium mobilization and activation of rat portal vein. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00155-7

Bährle-Rapp, M., & Bährle-Rapp, M. (2007). Chrysanthellum Indicum Extract. In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_1946

Jimam, N. S., Banwat, S. B., Dafam, D. G., & Tochukwu, E. (2013). Nutritional and antinutritional analysis of Chrysanthellum indicum leaves. The Journal of Phytopharmacology.

Peperomia pellucida

eattheweed.com

NAME: Peperomia pellucida    

FAMILY: Piperaceae

COMMON NAMES: Man to man, pepper elder, shiny bush plant

LOCAL NAMES: Salad Peperomia, cao hu jiao, ewe rinirin  

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  Peperomia pellucida is a slender, shallow-rooted herb that can be wild or cultivated. It is an annual plant usually growing to a height of about 6 to 18 inches, it is characterized by its glossy, light-green fleshy leaves, and succulent stems that root at the nodes and fruiting spikes with dot-like seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, Stems and roots

GENERAL USES:

• The plant is grown as a food

• Ornamental Purpose

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

Central and South America, China, Nigeria, Angola, Zambia

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Gout

• Arthritis

• Antibacterial

• Prostate Enlargement Problem

• Fever

• Eye inflammation

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The plant produces seed abundantly and easily naturalized as a weed in many parts of the tropics.

FUN FACT

The plant species interferes with prostaglandin synthesis.

FURTHER READINGS

Kartika, I. G. A. A., Insanu, M., Safitri, D., Putri, C. A., & Adnyana, I. K. (2016). New update: Traditional uses, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicity review of peperomia pellucida (l.) kunth. In Pharmacologyonline.

Majumder, P., Abraham, P., & Satya, V. (2011). Research Journal of Pharmaceutical , Biological and Chemical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE Ethno-medicinal , Phytochemical and Pharmacological review of an amazing. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences.

Oloyede, G. K., Onocha, P. A., & Olaniran, B. B. (2011). Phytochemical, toxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant screening of leaf extracts of Peperomia pellucida from Nigeria. Advances in Environmental Biology.

Sonibare, M. A., Moody, J. O., & Adesanya, E. O. (2009). Use of medicinal plants for the treatment of measles in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.004

Wei, L. S., Wee, W., Siong, J. Y. F., & Syamsumir, D. F. (2011). Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract. Acta Medica Iranica.

Chromolaena odorata

India Biodiversity Portal

NAME: Chromolaena odorata       

FAMILY: Compositae (Asteraceae)

COMMON NAMES: Siam weed, Christmas bush, devil weed, triffid weed.

LOCAL NAMES: Akintola ,Awolowo,Obiarakara

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  

Chromolaena odorata is an erect or sprawling shrub, perennial plant with more or less woody stems.

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves,stem-twigs 

GENERAL USES:

• Used as a green manure

• Used for embalming dead bodies

• The leaves can be used occasionally as an aromatic addition to soups

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

South-eastern USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Tropical South America

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Antimicrobial

• Dysentery

• Headache

• Malaria fever

• Toothache

• Haemostatic

• Skin diseases

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Can serve as an ornamental plant

Plant is toxic to livestock like fish when used as a green manure.

It is regarded as an environmental weed.

FUN FACT

The leaves give off a pungent, aromatic odor when crushed.

FURTHER READINGS

Chakraborty, A. K., Rambhade, S., & Patil, U. (2011). Chromolaena odorata ( L .) : An Overview. Journal of Pharmacy Research.

Kriticos, D. J., Yonow, T., & McFadyen, R. E. (2005). The potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in relation to climate. Weed Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00458.x

Kusuma, I. W., Murdiyanto, Arung, E. T., Syafrizal, & Kim, Y. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants used by the Bentian tribe from Indonesia. Food Science and Human Wellness. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2014.12.004

Onkaramurthy, M., Veerapur, V. P., Thippeswamy, B. S., Madhusudana Reddy, T. N., Rayappa, H., & Badami, S. (2013). Anti-diabetic and anti-cataract effects of Chromolaena odorata Linn.; In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.023

Vaisakh, M. N., & Pandey, A. (2012). The invasive weed with healing properties: A review on chromolaena odorata. In International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Antidesma bunius

Useful Tropical Plants - Ken Fern

NAME: Antidesma bunius       

FAMILY: Phyllanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Boni fruit, Chinese Laurel fruit

LOCAL NAMES: Buah Buni, Bignay

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  

Antidesma bunius is a variable plant which may be short and shrubby or tall and erect, with an oval-shaped, berry-like fruit.

USEFUL PART(s): Fruits

GENERAL USES:

• The fruit may be eaten raw.

• Fruits are used for making wine, tea, jams and jellies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, Philippine, China, Thailand,  Malaysia

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Anemia

• Heart disorders

• Snake bites

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Can serve as an ornamental plant.

FUN FACT

The ripe fruit is sweet, but a bitter aftertaste will still be perceived.  

FURTHER READINGS

Belmi, R. M., Giron, J., & Tansengco, M. L. (2014). Antidesma Bunius (Bignay) Fruit Extract As an Organic Pesticide Against Epilachna Spp. Journal of Asian Scientific Research Journal of Asian Scientific Research Special Issue: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Scientific Research Journal of Asian Scientific Research.

El-Tantawy, W. H., Soliman, N. D., El-Naggar, D., & Shafei, A. (2015). Investigation of antidiabetic action of Antidesma bunius extract in type 1 diabetes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.3109/13813455.2015.1038278

Extraction and Stability Test of Anthocyanin from Buni Fruits (Antidesma Bunius L) as an Alternative Natural and Safe Food Colorants. (2013). Extraction and Stability Test of Anthocyanin from Buni Fruits (Antidesma Bunius L) as an Alternative Natural and Safe Food Colorants. https://doi.org/10.14499/jfps

Hamidu, L., Ahmad, A. R., & Najib, A. (2018). Qualitative and quantitative test of total flavonoid buni fruit (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) with UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Pharmacognosy Journal. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.1.12

Kassem, M., Hashim, A., & Hassanein, H. (2013). Bioactivity of Antidesma bunius leaves (Euphorbiaceae) and their major phenolic constituents. European Scientific Journal.

Chenopodium ambrosioides

Mother Earth Living

NAME: Chenopodium ambrosioides       

FAMILY: Chenopodiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Wormwood, Mexican-tea

LOCAL NAMES: Ewe-imi, asin, arunpale

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Chenopodium ambrosioides is an erect annual herb, growing  up to 100 - 150 cm tall and is very branched.

USEFUL PART(s): Whole plant, leaves.

GENERAL USES:

• It is used to ward off gases in bean dishes.

• It's extract is used commercially as a fragrance component in lotions and perfumes

• It used also as a condiment in soups.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

North America, Southern Mexico, Eastern Canada

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Anthelmintics

• Emollient

• Rheumatism

• Tumour.

• Ulcers

• Eczema

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Overdoses of its  essential oils results to death.

FUN FACT

The plant occurs locally abundantly along roadsides and in waste places.

FURTHER READINGS

Bammou, L., Belkhaouda, M., Salghi, R., Benali, O., Zarrouk, A., Zarrok, H., & Hammouti, B. (2014). Corrosion inhibition of steel in sulfuric acidic solution by the Chenopodium Ambrosioides extracts. In Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2013.11.001

Barros, L., Pereira, E., Calhelha, R. C., Dueñas, M., Carvalho, A. M., Santos-Buelga, C., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2013). Bioactivity and chemical characterization in hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Journal of Functional Foods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.019

Cysne, D. N., Fortes, T. S., Reis, A. S., de Paulo Ribeiro, B., dos Santos Ferreira, A., do Amaral, F. M. M., Guerra, R. N. M., Marinho, C. R. F., Nicolete, R., & Nascimento, F. R. F. (2016). Antimalarial potential of leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Parasitology Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5216-x

Da Silva, M. G. C., Amorim, R. N. L., Câmara, C. C., Fontenele Neto, J. D., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2014). Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of aqueous extracts of chenopodium ambrosioides leaves in rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.0134

Jaramillo C, B. E., Duarte R, E., & Delgado, W. (2012). Bioactividad del aceite esencial de Chenopodium ambrosioides Colombiano. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales.

Limaverde, P. W., Campina, F. F., da Cunha, F. A. B., Crispim, F. D., Figueredo, F. G., Lima, L. F., Datiane de M. Oliveira-Tintino, C., de Matos, Y. M. L. S., Morais-Braga, M. F. B., Menezes, I. R. A., Balbino, V. Q., Coutinho, H. D. M., Siqueira-Júnior, J. P., Almeida, J. R. G. S., & Tintino, S. R. (2017). Inhibition of the TetK efflux-pump by the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and α-terpinene against Staphylococcus aureus IS-58. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.031

Chasmanthera dependens

West African Plants

NAME: Chasmanthera dependens      

FAMILY: Menispermaceae

COMMON NAMES: Chasmanthera

LOCAL NAMES: Ato-oloriraun

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  

Chasmanthera dependens is a climbing shrub producing stems 5 metres or more long.

USEFUL PART(s): Roots              

GENERAL USES:

• The fibrous stem is beaten and used as a sponge.

• The roots and leaves are eaten.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

Sierra Leone east, Somalia, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana.

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Diuretics

• Antigonococcal

• For management of fractures.

• Pain-killers

• Arthritis

• Rheumatism

• Malaria

• Dementia

• Snakebites

• Epilepsy

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

None known

FUN FACT

It is often planted in home gardens and is sold in local markets.

FURTHER READINGS

Aina, D. A., Owolo, O., Lateef, A., Aina, F. O., & Hakeem, A. S. (2019). Biomedical applications of chasmanthera dependens stem extract mediated silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and larvicidal agents. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science. https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.1018

Githinji, E. K., Irungu, L. W., Tonui, W. K., Rukunga, G. M., Mutai, C., Muthaura, C. N., Lugalia, R., Gikandi, G., Wainaina, C. W., Ingonga, J. M., & Wanjoya, A. (2010). In vitro effects of Warburgia ugandensis, Psiadia punctulata and Chasmanthera dependens on Leishmania major promastigotes. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.

Iloh, A. C., Schmidt, M., Muellner-Riehl, A. N., Ogundipe, O. T., & Paule, J. (2017). Pleistocene refugia and genetic diversity patterns in West Africa: Insights from the liana Chasmanthera dependens (Menispermaceae). PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170511

Tijani, S. A., Olaleye, S. B., & Farombi, E. O. (2018). Anti-ulcerogenic effect of the methanol extract of Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst) stem on male Wistar rats. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0152

Centrosema pubescens

Wikimedia Commons

NAME: Centrosema pubescens    

FAMILY: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Fodder pea, butterfly pea

LOCAL NAMES: Ewa-ahun

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  

Centrosema pubescens is a herbaceous, climbing, perennial herb with its vigorous stems scrambling over the ground or twining into other plants for support.

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves

GENERAL USES:

• The plant is grown as a green manure

• It is widely used as a plantation cover and pasture legume

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

South America and Central America

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Skin diseases

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

It is drought resistance

FUN FACT

Plants are shade tolerant.

FURTHER READINGS

Borges, H. B. N. (2006). Biologia reprodutiva de Centrosema pubescens Benth: (Fabaceae). Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1981-81142006000100003

Samedani, B., Juraimi, A. S., Abdullah, S. A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Rahim, A. A., & Anwar, M. P. (2014). Effect of cover crops on weed community and oil palm yield. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.

Samedani, B., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Sheikh Awadz, S. A., Anwar, M. P., & Anuar, A. R. (2015). Effect of cover crops on weed suppression in oil palm plantation. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.

Udom, B. E., & Omovbude, S. (2019). Soil physical properties and carbon/nitrogen relationships in stable aggregates under legume and grass fallow. Acta Ecologica Sinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.05.008

Ukanwoko, A. I., & Igwe, N. C. (2012). Proximate Composition of Some Grass and Legume Silages Prepared in a Humid Tropical Environment. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science.

Celtis mildbraedii

Wikipedia

NAME: Celtis mildbraedii       

FAMILY: Ulmaceae

COMMON NAMES: African Celtis, African hackberry,beaverwood,obia,nettle tree

LOCAL NAMES: Ita-gidi, uta, ewon-agogo,Aziza

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:  

Celtis mildbraedii is a deciduous, spineless, medium-sized to large tree that has its leaves arranged alternatively in 2 opposite vertical rows.

USEFUL PART(s):  Root

GENERAL USES:

• It is used for poles in house building and for pestles, tool handles and spoons

• The wood is used for light construction, furniture and ladders.

• It can serve as firewood.

• The tree is used for timber.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

Sudan, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, Angola.

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Arthritis

• Fever

• Dysmenorrhoea.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The sawdust can be irritant

FUN FACT

The heartwood is white to pale yellow or greenish, darkening upon exposure to greyish white.

FURTHER READINGS

Bauwens, S., Fayolle, A., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Ndjele, L. M., Mengal, C., & Lejeune, P. (2017). Terrestrial photogrammetry: a non-destructive method for modelling irregularly shaped tropical tree trunks. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12670

Boadi, S., Nsor, C. A., Yakubu, D. H., Acquah, E., & Antobre, O. O. (2017). Conventional and Indigenous Biodiversity Conservation Approach: A Comparative Study of Jachie Sacred Grove and Nkrabea Forest Reserve. International Journal of Forestry Research. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1721024

Mwavu, E. N., & Witkowski, E. T. F. (2015). Woody Species Alpha-diversity and Species Abundance Distributions in an African Semi-deciduous Tropical Rain Forest. Biotropica. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12223

(2013). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Selected Wood Species in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem, Ondo State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0532933

Celosia trigyna

JIRCAS

NAME: Celosia trigyna      

FAMILY: Amaranthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Celosia, woolflower

LOCAL NAMES: Ajefowo, ajitan

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Celosia trigyna is an erect annual plant that is widespread as a weed with its stem branched or unbranched

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves

GENERAL USES:

• Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, southern Arabia

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Anthelmintics

• Diuretic

• Astringent

• Chest pains

• Emmolient

• Diarrhoea

• Sore

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

None known

FUN FACT

It's leaves are slightly bitter

FURTHER READINGS

Oduntan, A. O., Fasoyiro, S. B., Akinfasoye, J. A., Adeboyejo, F. O., & Akintoye, H. A. (2018). Antioxidant and proximate properties of underutilized vegetables in western Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1225.35

Ofusori, A. E., Moodley, R., & Jonnalagadda, S. B. (2019). Antiulcerogenic effects of Celosia trigyna plant extracts on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in adult Wistar rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.11.004

Touré, A., Rodenburg, J., Saito, K., Oikeh, S., Futakuchi, K., Gumedzoe, D., & Huat, J. (2011). Cultivar and Weeding Effects on Weeds and Rice Yields in a Degraded Upland Environment of the Coastal Savanna. Weed Technology. https://doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00172.1

Celosia argentea

A to Z Flowers

NAME: Celosia argentea         

FAMILY: Amaranthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Cockscomb

LOCAL NAMES: Soko-yokoto, Erimonu, Fara -alayatu

MORPHORLOGICAL DESCRIPTION:

Celosia argentea is a herbaceous plant of tropical origin, and is a tender annual plant that is often grown in gardens.

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, seeds                      

GENERAL USES:

• Leaves are cooked as vegetables.

• It is used in making soaps.

• Oil extracted from seeds are used for cooking.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:

India, China, New Guinea, western tropical Africa.

WHY IS IT GREEN?

• Skin diseases

• Diarrhoea

• Antiscorbutic

• Anthelmintic

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Can serve as an ornamental plant.

FUN FACT

The flavour very mild and spinach-like with no hint of bitterness.

FURTHER READINGS

Bakar, D. A., Ahmed, B. A., & Taha, R. M. (2014). In vitro callus induction and plant regeneration of Celosia argentea- an important medicinal plant. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-8913201402611

Madhupriya, Yadav, A., Thorat, V., & Rao, G. P. (2017). Molecular detection of 16SrI-B and 16SrII-D subgroups of phytoplasma associated with flat stem and witches’ broom disease of Celosia argentea L. 3 Biotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0962-8

Saritha, P., & Sreeramulu,  a. (2013). Allelopathic effects of celosia argentea L. root extracts on crop plant seed germination. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research.

Tang, Y., Xin, H. L., & Guo, M. L. (2016). Review on research of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Celosia argentea. In Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.06.001