Eremomastax speciosa

NAME: Eremomastax speciosa

FAMILY: Acanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Red feather, Fireball plant

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eremomastax speciosa is a perennial herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of about 1-2 meters. It has an upright and branching stem with opposite pairs of leaves. The leaves are large, ovate, and have a glossy dark green color. The plant produces striking inflorescences with dense clusters of vibrant red or orange tubular flowers. The flowers are arranged in terminal spikes and attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Eremomastax speciosa are used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: Eremomastax speciosa has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The leaves and roots are often used to prepare decoctions, infusions, or poultices to treat various ailments. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties and is used to alleviate conditions such as fever, malaria, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin infections.

2. Ornamental Plant: The vibrant flowers and glossy foliage of Eremomastax speciosa make it a popular choice as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes. It adds color and visual interest, especially when planted in mass or as a focal point in flower beds or borders.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eremomastax speciosa is native to tropical regions of West and Central Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and Congo.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eremomastax speciosa, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eremomastax speciosa has positive environmental impacts as it provides habitat and food for various pollinators, contributing to the biodiversity and ecological balance of its native habitats. Additionally, its dense foliage can help protect the soil, prevent erosion, and provide shade for smaller understory plants.

FUN FACT: Eremomastax speciosa is sometimes referred to as the "Fireball plant" due to its vibrant red or orange flowers that resemble fiery balls. The intense color of the flowers adds a striking visual element to gardens and attracts attention from both humans and pollinators.

Further Reading:

1. "Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of the Genus Eremomastax (Acanthaceae)." By O. G. Afolayan and others.

2. "Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. Leaves Aqueous Extract in Wistar Rats." By R. Ndjateu Fossi and others.

3. "Ethnobotanical Survey and Comparative Analysis of Plants Used for Febrile Illnesses in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa Region, Cameroon)." By J. Djouossi and others.

Eragrostis tremula

NAME: Eragrostis tremula

FAMILY: Poaceae (Grass family)

COMMON NAMES: Quaking lovegrass, Weeping lovegrass

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eragrostis tremula is a perennial grass species that typically grows in tufts or clumps. It has slender stems that reach heights of about 60-90 centimeters. The leaves are linear, narrow, and about 10-25 centimeters long. They have a bluish-green color and can form dense, lush foliage. The inflorescence is composed of delicate, nodding panicles with numerous tiny flowers that have a purple or purplish-brown hue. The panicles often give the appearance of quivering or shaking when touched or in the wind.

USEFUL PART(s): The whole plant of Eragrostis tremula is used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Erosion Control: Eragrostis tremula is commonly used in land reclamation and erosion control projects. The dense growth and extensive root system of this grass help stabilize soils, reduce erosion, and prevent the loss of topsoil.

2. Ornamental Purposes: Due to its attractive appearance and unique panicle movement, Eragrostis tremula is sometimes grown as an ornamental grass in gardens and landscapes. It adds visual interest with its quivering inflorescences and can provide a soft, wispy texture to garden designs.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eragrostis tremula is native to various regions in Africa, including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Namibia. It has also been introduced and naturalized in other parts of the world, such as Australia and the United States.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eragrostis tremula, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eragrostis tremula can have positive environmental impacts in various ways. As a grass species, it helps stabilize soils, reduce erosion, and prevent nutrient runoff. Its dense growth can provide habitat and cover for small animals and insects. Additionally, it is a valuable resource for grazing livestock and can contribute to forage production in certain regions.

FUN FACT: The distinctive quivering or shaking movement of the inflorescences in Eragrostis tremula is an adaptive feature known as "flimsy racemes." This movement is believed to help dislodge pollen from the flowers, aiding in pollination by wind or small insects.

Further Reading:

1. "Weeping Lovegrass (Eragrostis tremula) Management for Conservation Plantings." By A. L. Quicke and R. B. Mitchell.

2. "Eragrostis tremula Hochst. Ex Steud." By B.R. Lovegrove.

3. "Eragrostis tremula (Lovegrass) - Global Invasive Species Database." Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).

Entandrophragma cylindricum

NAME: Entandrophragma cylindricum

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Sapele, African mahogany, Sapelli

LOCAL NAMES: Assi (Ivory Coast), Sapele (Nigeria), Tiama (Cameroon)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entandrophragma cylindricum is a large deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 45 meters. It has a straight and cylindrical trunk with a diameter of about 1-2 meters. The bark is smooth and grayish-brown in color. The leaves are pinnate, arranged in an alternate manner, and composed of multiple leaflets that are elliptical or lanceolate in shape, measuring approximately 8-15 centimeters in length. The tree produces small, fragrant, yellowish-white flowers that are arranged in large panicles. The fruits are capsule-like and contain winged seeds that are dispersed by wind.

USEFUL PART(s): The timber from Entandrophragma cylindricum is the most commonly used part.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Entandrophragma cylindricum is highly valued for its timber, which is known as Sapele or African mahogany. The wood is durable, moderately heavy, and exhibits a distinctive reddish-brown color with a pronounced grain pattern. It is widely used in furniture making, cabinetry, flooring, veneer, musical instruments, and boatbuilding.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entandrophragma cylindricum is native to tropical regions of West and Central Africa. It is found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Congo.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Entandrophragma cylindricum, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight and facilitates the process of photosynthesis. It absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entandrophragma cylindricum has both positive and negative environmental impacts. As a large tree, it provides habitat and shelter for various species, contributes to forest biodiversity, and helps maintain ecosystem balance. However, overexploitation of its timber has led to deforestation and habitat loss in some regions. Sustainable forestry practices and conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the long-term viability of this species.

FUN FACT: The wood of Entandrophragma cylindricum, Sapele, is highly valued for its aesthetic appeal and tonal qualities. It is a popular choice among guitar makers and is used in the construction of high-quality acoustic guitars. The wood's rich color and resonance contribute to the instrument's warm and balanced sound.

Further Reading:

1. "Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapele): A Major Timber Species from Tropical Africa." By F.J. Essien and others.

2. "Genetic Diversity of Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague) in Ghana Using ISSR Markers." By F. Oppong-Sekyere and others.

3. "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Entandrophragma cylindricum Bark." By P.C. Adeyemi and others.

Entada gigas

NAME: Entada gigas

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

COMMON NAMES: Sea bean, Monkey ladder, Nickernut

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entada gigas is a large, woody vine that can grow to impressive lengths, often exceeding 30 meters. It has a thick, sturdy stem with a rough and furrowed bark. The leaves are compound and alternate, composed of numerous leaflets that are oblong or elliptical in shape, measuring about 10-20 centimeters long. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and typically white or cream in color. The plant produces enormous, elongated, woody seed pods that can reach lengths of up to 2 meters. These pods are usually curved and contain large, smooth, and hard seeds that are round or oval in shape.

USEFUL PART(s): The seeds and bark of Entada gigas are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Similar to other members of the Entada genus, Entada gigas seeds are highly regarded for their symbolic and spiritual significance. They are often used as decorative items, amulets, and talismans, representing protection, strength, and good luck in various cultures.

2. Ornamental Purposes: The large and unique seed pods of Entada gigas are sought after by collectors and enthusiasts for their decorative value. They are frequently incorporated into crafts, jewelry, and ornamental displays.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entada gigas is primarily found in tropical coastal regions. It is native to regions of Central America, including Panama and Costa Rica, as well as parts of the Caribbean, such as the Bahamas and Cuba.

WHY IS IT GREEN? As with other plants, Entada gigas appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entada gigas plays a role in coastal ecosystems by providing habitat and shelter for various organisms. Its large vines and foliage create a network of support for climbing plants and offer a perch for birds and other animals. Additionally, the seeds of Entada gigas can be dispersed by ocean currents, potentially contributing to the dispersal of plant life across different coastal regions.

FUN FACT: The seed pods of Entada gigas are known for their exceptional size and buoyancy, similar to the pods of Entada africana. They are sometimes referred to as "sea hearts" due to their heart-like shape and ability to float in seawater. These pods can drift across vast distances, sometimes being carried by ocean currents and washing up on distant shores. They are treasured finds for beachcombers and collectors.

Further Reading:

1. "The Morphology, Anatomy, and Germination of the Seed of Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. et Rendle (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)." By E.M. Pantano and C. Aparecido.

2. "Morphological and Molecular Analysis of Entada gigas Seeds from the Atlantic Rainforest and Pantanal Biomes in Brazil." By V.C. Bianchi and others.

3. "Entada gigas (Fabaceae), a Plant Species from Amazonia with Promising Pharmacological Properties." By J.M. Rosa and others.

Entada africana

NAME: Entada africana

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

COMMON NAMES: African dream herb, African dream bean, Monkey ladder

LOCAL NAMES: Uyai (Nigeria), Arupe (Cameroon), Gbongwé (Côte d'Ivoire)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entada africana is a large, woody vine that can reach impressive lengths, often exceeding 50 meters. It has a thick, woody stem with rough bark. The leaves are compound, composed of numerous leaflets that are oval or lanceolate in shape, measuring about 5-12 centimeters long. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, usually white or pale yellow in color. The plant produces large, flat, and woody seed pods that are usually curved and can reach lengths of up to 1 meter. These pods contain large, flat, and brown seeds, which are enclosed in a fibrous, papery covering.

USEFUL PART(s): The seeds and bark of Entada africana are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Entada africana has long been regarded as a sacred plant in African cultures. The large seeds, known as "dream seeds," are used as talismans and amulets for protection, good luck, and to enhance dreaming experiences.

2. Medicinal Purposes: Various parts of Entada africana have been used in traditional medicine. The bark is used to treat fever, malaria, and digestive disorders. The seeds are believed to possess aphrodisiac properties and are used in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entada africana is native to tropical regions of Africa. It is found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Similar to other plants, Entada africana appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, particularly the red and blue wavelengths, while reflecting the green wavelengths, giving the plant its characteristic green color. This green pigment plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, enabling them to synthesize glucose and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entada africana has several environmental benefits. As a large vine, it provides valuable habitat for various climbing and arboreal species, contributing to biodiversity. Its dense foliage offers shade and protection to other plant species, helping to create microhabitats. Additionally, the plant's deep root system helps prevent soil erosion, promoting soil health and stability.

FUN FACT: The seed pods of Entada africana are known for their exceptional size and buoyancy. They have been known to drift across oceans and wash ashore on distant beaches, earning them the nickname "sea hearts." Due to their robustness and ability to travel long distances by water, they have become objects of curiosity and have been used in traditional crafts and jewelry.

Further Reading:

1. "Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Entada africana Guill. et Perr.: A Review." By A.T. Olajide and others.

2. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Entada africana Guill. et Perr. (Mimosaceae) Extracts." By E. Fotsing and others.

3. "The African Entada Species: Ethnobotany, Chemistry, and Biological Activities." By C.N. Ntie-Kang and others.

Enantia chlorantha

NAME: Enantia chlorantha

FAMILY: Rubiaceae

COMMON NAMES: White-clawed soursop, Wild cherry

LOCAL NAMES: Cusumbo, Guamo blanco

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Enantia chlorantha is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that typically grows up to 15 meters in height. It has a straight, slender trunk and a dense, rounded crown. The leaves are glossy, leathery, and elliptical in shape, measuring about 15-25 centimeters in length. They have prominent veins and a dark green color on the upper surface, while the lower surface is pale green. The tree produces small, fragrant white flowers that develop into spherical fruits with a yellowish-green color when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark and leaves of Enantia chlorantha are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: Enantia chlorantha has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The bark and leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids. It is used to treat a range of ailments such as fever, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, stomachaches, and skin infections. Additionally, it is known for its antimalarial, antipyretic, and analgesic properties.

2. Timber: The wood of Enantia chlorantha is hard, durable, and resistant to insect attacks. It is utilized for making furniture, cabinetry, tool handles, and construction materials.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Enantia chlorantha is native to tropical regions of Central and West Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Enantia chlorantha, like most plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight into energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The green color of chlorophyll reflects the wavelengths of light that are absorbed and utilized by plants for this energy conversion process.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Enantia chlorantha has a positive environmental impact due to its ability to contribute to forest ecosystems. It provides habitat and food for various animal species, supports biodiversity, and helps regulate local climate. Additionally, its medicinal properties offer sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, reducing the pressure on other plant species and potentially contributing to conservation efforts.

FUN FACT: Enantia chlorantha is known for its bitter taste, which is attributed to the presence of alkaloids in its bark and leaves. The bitter taste acts as a deterrent against herbivores, protecting the tree from excessive grazing.

Further Reading:

1. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. (Annonaceae): A Comprehensive Review." By A.J. Loubens and others.

2. "Antimalarial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts from Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae)." By A.S. Mohamed and others.

3. "Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Studies of Enantia chlorantha." By M.A. Teguia and others.

Emilia coccinea

NAME: Emilia coccinea

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: Scarlet tassel flower, Emilia

LOCAL NAMES: Hindi: Lakh-dana, Lakhadana; Tamil: Seemai-lathi; Bengali: Lakh-dana

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Emilia coccinea is an annual herbaceous plant that typically grows up to 60 centimeters in height. It has erect, branching stems and deeply cut, pinnately lobed leaves. The leaves are dark green and have a feathery appearance. The flowers of Emilia coccinea are small and arranged in dense clusters at the ends of the stems. They have vibrant scarlet petals, giving the plant its common name "Scarlet tassel flower." The plant produces small, dry fruits containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The flowers and leaves of Emilia coccinea are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Emilia coccinea is often cultivated as an ornamental plant for its attractive scarlet flowers. It is commonly used in flower beds, borders, and as a cut flower in floral arrangements.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, Emilia coccinea has been used for its various medicinal properties. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects. It has been used to treat conditions such as skin infections, wounds, and inflammation.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Emilia coccinea is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is widely distributed in countries such as India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Africa.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Emilia coccinea appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Emilia coccinea is considered to have a minimal environmental impact. It is an adaptable and non-invasive species that does not pose a threat to native ecosystems. However, as with any cultivated plant, it is important to prevent the escape of Emilia coccinea from cultivation to avoid potential negative impacts on natural habitats.

FUN FACT: The vibrant scarlet flowers of Emilia coccinea attract a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies, making it a valuable plant for supporting pollinator populations.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants of India: An Encyclopedia" by C.P. Khare

• "Traditional Uses of Emilia coccinea (L.) Wettst. (Compositae) in Tanzania" by Bernard R. Mtokambali

• "Flowers of India: Emilia coccinea" (www.flowersofindia.net)

Embelia schimperi

NAME: Embelia schimperi

FAMILY: Myrsinaceae

COMMON NAMES: Ethiopian Olivelike, Embelia

LOCAL NAMES: Amharic: Tenaadam, Oriti; Oromo: Kora, Kudhuu

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia schimperi is a climbing evergreen shrub that can reach a height of up to 5 meters. It has slender, flexible branches and small, elliptical leaves that are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves have a glossy, dark green color and prominent veins. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color and are arranged in clusters. The fruits of Embelia schimperi are small, spherical berries that turn from green to red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The berries of Embelia schimperi are the most commonly used part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional Ethiopian medicine, Embelia schimperi has been used for centuries to treat various ailments. The berries are known for their anthelmintic properties and are used to expel intestinal parasites. They are also used to treat stomachaches, digestive disorders, and as a general tonic for the digestive system. Additionally, the plant has been used for its antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

2. Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Embelia schimperi is considered a sacred plant and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia schimperi is native to Ethiopia and is found in the highlands and mountainous regions of the country. It is also found in neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Sudan.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Embelia schimperi appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia schimperi has a minimal environmental impact. It is a native plant that grows naturally in its native habitat without causing any significant harm to the ecosystem. However, overharvesting of the plant for medicinal purposes can potentially deplete its populations and impact local biodiversity.

FUN FACT: In Ethiopia, the berries of Embelia schimperi are often used as a natural dye to color fabrics, giving them a reddish hue.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Useful Plants in Traditional Medicine" by Zemede Asfaw and Mesfin Tadesse

• "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Chilga District, Northwestern Ethiopia" by Zemede Asfaw and Ensermu Kelbessa

• "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia" by Girma Eshetu and Mirutse GidayNAME: Embelia schimperi FAMILY: Myrsinaceae COMMON NAMES: Ethiopian Olivelike, Embelia LOCAL NAMES: Amharic: Tenaadam, Oriti; Oromo: Kora, Kudhuu

  MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia schimperi is a climbing evergreen shrub that can reach a height of up to 5 meters. It has slender, flexible branches and small, elliptical leaves that are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves have a glossy, dark green color and prominent veins. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color and are arranged in clusters. The fruits of Embelia schimperi are small, spherical berries that turn from green to red when ripe.

  USEFUL PART(s): The berries of Embelia schimperi are the most commonly used part of the plant.

  GENERAL USES:

  1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional Ethiopian medicine, Embelia schimperi has been used for centuries to treat various ailments. The berries are known for their anthelmintic properties and are used to expel intestinal parasites. They are also used to treat stomachaches, digestive disorders, and as a general tonic for the digestive system. Additionally, the plant has been used for its antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

  2. Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Embelia schimperi is considered a sacred plant and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

  GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia schimperi is native to Ethiopia and is found in the highlands and mountainous regions of the country. It is also found in neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Sudan.

  WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Embelia schimperi appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia schimperi has a minimal environmental impact. It is a native plant that grows naturally in its native habitat without causing any significant harm to the ecosystem. However, overharvesting of the plant for medicinal purposes can potentially deplete its populations and impact local biodiversity.

  FUN FACT: In Ethiopia, the berries of Embelia schimperi are often used as a natural dye to color fabrics, giving them a reddish hue.

  Further Reading:

  • "Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Useful Plants in Traditional Medicine" by Zemede Asfaw and Mesfin Tadesse

  • "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Chilga District, Northwestern Ethiopia" by Zemede Asfaw and Ensermu Kelbessa

  • "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia" by Girma Eshetu and Mirutse Giday

Embelia guineaasis

NAME: Embelia guineensis

FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (Myrsine family)

COMMON NAMES: African Embelia, River Embelia

LOCAL NAMES: No specific local names provided

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia guineensis is a woody climbing plant that can reach lengths of up to 10 meters. It has slender, twining stems and glossy, elliptical leaves with smooth edges. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are followed by round, fleshy fruits that turn red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Embelia guineensis are used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: Embelia guineensis has a long history of use in traditional medicine across its native range. The plant is valued for its medicinal properties and is used to treat various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, parasitic infections, and skin ailments. The bark and leaves are often prepared as infusions or decoctions, while the fruits may be used in different forms, such as powders or pastes.

2. Natural Dye: The fruits of Embelia guineensis can be used to produce a natural dye. The red pigments found in the ripe fruits can be extracted and used to color textiles and crafts.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia guineensis is native to tropical regions of Africa, including countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, and Uganda. It is commonly found in moist, forested areas, particularly along rivers and streams.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Embelia guineensis, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia guineensis is generally considered to have a low environmental impact. As a native plant species, it plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food sources for wildlife. However, unsustainable harvesting practices or habitat destruction can negatively impact its populations and the ecosystems it inhabits.

FUN FACT: In some African cultures, Embelia guineensis has traditional significance beyond its medicinal uses. It is believed to possess protective and spiritual properties and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa" by C. M. Hutchings et al.

• "African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the Interface between Conservation and Primary Healthcare" by Maurizio Arista et al.

Elytraria marginata

NAME: Elytraria marginata

FAMILY: Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)

COMMON NAMES: Crested Elytraria, Border Elytraria, Fringed Elytraria

LOCAL NAMES: No specific local names provided

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elytraria marginata is a perennial herbaceous plant with an erect growth habit. It typically reaches a height of about 30-60 centimeters. The plant has slender, branching stems with opposite leaves. The leaves are lance-shaped and have prominent veins. The inflorescence consists of clusters of tubular flowers with fringed petals. The flowers can range in color from pink to purple or lavender.

USEFUL PART(s): The aerial parts, including the leaves and flowers, are the most commonly used parts of Elytraria marginata.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Elytraria marginata is often cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its attractive flowers and foliage. It is commonly used in garden borders, rock gardens, and containers to add color and texture to the landscape.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine systems, various parts of Elytraria marginata are used to prepare herbal remedies. The plant is believed to have properties that can help with digestive issues, respiratory conditions, and skin ailments. However, it's important to note that scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elytraria marginata is native to the southeastern United States and can be found in states such as Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. It also occurs in parts of the Caribbean. It prefers habitats with well-drained soil, including sandy coastal areas, pine forests, and grasslands.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Elytraria marginata, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elytraria marginata is not known to have significant negative environmental impacts. As a native plant species, it plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing nectar and pollen for pollinators. Additionally, its presence can contribute to the overall biodiversity of natural habitats.

FUN FACT: The fringed petals of Elytraria marginata give the plant a distinctive appearance, adding to its appeal as an ornamental plant. The fringed edges of the petals create a delicate and intricate look, making it a favorite among gardeners and plant enthusiasts.

Further Reading:

• "Flora of North America: Acanthaceae" by Thomas F. Daniel

• "Native Florida Plants: Low-Maintenance Landscaping and Gardening" by Robert G. Haehle and Joan Brookwell

Eleusine indica

NAME: Eleusine indica

FAMILY: Poaceae (Grass family)

COMMON NAMES: Goosegrass, Wiregrass, Yard-grass

LOCAL NAMES: Amado, Ku muti (Malaysia), Dânsī (India), Kutsai (Zimbabwe)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eleusine indica is a perennial grass that typically grows in tufts or clumps. It has a prostrate growth habit, with slender, wiry stems that can reach lengths of up to 1 meter. The leaves are long, narrow, and tapering, with rough edges. The inflorescence consists of several spike-like racemes that bear small, greenish-white flowers. The seeds are small, light brown, and oblong-shaped.

USEFUL PART(s): The aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Eleusine indica are primarily used.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: In traditional medicine, Eleusine indica has been used to treat various health conditions. It is believed to have diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Infusions or decoctions made from the plant are used to relieve urinary problems, fever, cough, and digestive issues.

2. Forage and Livestock Feed: Eleusine indica is sometimes used as a forage grass for livestock, particularly in areas where it grows abundantly. It provides a source of fodder and can be grazed or cut for hay.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eleusine indica is a cosmopolitan species found in various parts of the world. It is native to Africa but has spread to other continents, including Asia, the Americas, Australia, and Europe. It thrives in disturbed habitats, such as lawns, gardens, agricultural fields, and roadsides.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eleusine indica, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eleusine indica can be considered both a valuable plant and a weed, depending on the context. It can be a problematic weed in agricultural fields, as it competes with crops for resources and can reduce crop yields. However, it also has some ecological benefits, such as providing erosion control and serving as a food source for wildlife.

FUN FACT: Eleusine indica is known by various common names, including Goosegrass and Wiregrass, due to its long, thin stems that resemble the appearance of wires or the feet of geese. Its ability to thrive and spread quickly has earned it the reputation of being a persistent and resilient weed.

Further Reading:

• "Weeds of the World: Biology and Control" by Lawrence J. D. Morse

• "Grasses: Systematics and Evolution" by David J. Gibson

Elephantopus scaber

NAME: Elephantopus scaber

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: Elephant's Foot, Prickly Elephant's Foot, Elephant's Ear

LOCAL NAMES: Vilati Akkota (India), Japica (Brazil), Ungu babi (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elephantopus scaber is a perennial herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of 30-90 centimeters. It has a rosette of basal leaves and produces flowering stems with smaller leaves. The leaves are thick, lance-shaped, and have serrated edges. The plant bears inflorescences with numerous small, tubular flowers that are white or pale lavender in color. After pollination, the flowers produce small, dry fruits containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Elephantopus scaber are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Elephantopus scaber has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems. The leaves and roots are used to prepare herbal remedies for various ailments, including respiratory conditions, digestive disorders, skin diseases, and inflammation. It is also used as a diuretic and to promote wound healing.

2. Culinary Uses: In some cultures, the young leaves of Elephantopus scaber are consumed as a vegetable. They are often cooked or added to soups and stews for their nutritional value and unique flavor.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elephantopus scaber is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It can be found in countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. It tends to thrive in open areas, including grasslands, fields, and disturbed habitats.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Elephantopus scaber, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elephantopus scaber is not known to have significant negative environmental impacts. It is a resilient plant that can tolerate a range of environmental conditions. However, as with any plant species, its introduction to new habitats outside its native range could potentially lead to unintended ecological consequences.

FUN FACT: The common name "Elephant's Foot" is inspired by the shape and appearance of the plant's basal leaves, which resemble the foot of an elephant. This unique characteristic gives the plant its distinctive and memorable name.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use, Experience, Facts" by T. M. Vogl and W. Sticher

• "Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline" by R. Schultes and S. von Reis

Elaeophorbia drupifera

NAME: Elaeophorbia drupifera

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Olive Spurge, Plum-fruited Spurge

LOCAL NAMES: Not available

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is a succulent shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height. It has a woody stem with multiple branches and is covered with thorny spines. The leaves are small, alternate, and fleshy, with a bluish-green color. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color. The flowers are followed by drupe-like fruits that are green when unripe and turn black or dark purple when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: The latex of Elaeophorbia drupifera has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is used topically to relieve pain, treat skin conditions, and promote wound healing.

2. Cultural and Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Elaeophorbia drupifera has symbolic and ritual significance. It is believed to possess protective properties and is used in spiritual practices or ceremonies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is native to parts of Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Congo. It is found in diverse habitats, including savannahs, open woodlands, and disturbed areas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeophorbia drupifera appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elaeophorbia drupifera is known to be a highly invasive species in some regions. It can spread rapidly and outcompete native plant species, leading to the displacement of native vegetation and a decrease in biodiversity. It is important to manage and control its spread to protect natural ecosystems.

FUN FACT: The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is milky white and contains toxic compounds called diterpene esters. These compounds can cause skin irritation and are known to be toxic to certain animals. Proper caution should be exercised when handling this plant.

Further Reading:

• "Invasive Alien Species in Southern Africa: National Reports and Directory of Resources" edited by I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, and A. A. Ferrar

Elaeis guineensis

NAME: Elaeis guineensis

FAMILY: Arecaceae

COMMON NAMES: African Oil Palm, Guinea Oil Palm

LOCAL NAMES: Dura (Nigeria), Raphia (Cameroon), Palma Aceitera (Spanish), Kelapa Sawit (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeis guineensis is a tall, single-stemmed palm tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a smooth, grayish-brown trunk and a crown of large, pinnate leaves. The leaves are arranged spirally and can reach lengths of up to 5 meters. Each leaf is composed of numerous leaflets that are dark green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface. Elaeis guineensis produces small, yellowish flowers that are borne on branched inflorescences. The flowers are followed by oval-shaped fruits, about the size of a plum, which turn from green to orange or red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruit of Elaeis guineensis, commonly known as the oil palm fruit, is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Edible Oil Production: The oil palm fruit is a rich source of edible oil, known as palm oil. Palm oil is widely used in cooking, food processing, and the production of various consumer products, such as margarine, confectionery, and cosmetics.

2. Industrial Applications: Palm oil is also utilized in various industrial sectors, including biodiesel production, soap manufacturing, and oleochemical industries. It serves as a versatile ingredient in the production of lubricants, candles, detergents, and personal care products.

3. By-Products: Several by-products of the oil palm industry have economic uses. The fibrous mesocarp of the fruit, known as palm kernel fiber, is used in the production of mattresses, ropes, and mats. The palm kernel itself is a source of palm kernel oil, which is used in cooking and as a raw material in the production of soaps and cosmetics.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeis guineensis is native to West Africa and is widely cultivated in tropical regions across the globe. It is extensively grown in countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Colombia. These regions provide favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of oil palm.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeis guineensis appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The cultivation of Elaeis guineensis, particularly for palm oil production, has significant environmental implications. Large-scale plantations often involve deforestation and land conversion, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline. Additionally, the drainage of peatlands for oil palm cultivation can result in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable practices and certifications are being implemented to mitigate these environmental impacts.

FUN FACT: Elaeis guineensis is one of the most efficient oil-bearing crops, producing higher oil yields per unit of land compared to other oil crops. This efficiency has contributed to its widespread cultivation and economic importance in the palm oil industry.

Further Reading:

• "Palm Oil and the Environment: A Case Study of Malaysia" by W. M. Chan et al.

• "The Oil Palm" edited by R. H. V. Corley and P. B. H. Tinker

Ekebergia capensis

NAME: Ekebergia capensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Cape Ash, Dogplum, Essenhout

LOCAL NAMES: Witessenhout (South Africa), Mlungumeli (Swaziland), Muhimbi (Zimbabwe), Mutondo (Malawi)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia capensis is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured as the tree matures. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are oblong, glossy green, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia capensis produces small, fragrant, cream-colored flowers that are arranged in clusters. The tree bears small, spherical fruits that turn from green to yellow as they ripen.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ekebergia capensis are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia capensis is valued for its timber, which is commonly known as Cape Ash. The wood is durable, termite-resistant, and has a light brown to reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and musical instruments.

2. Medicinal Applications: The bark and leaves of Ekebergia capensis have traditional medicinal uses in different African cultures. They are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The bark is also employed as a toothbrush substitute.

3. Cultural Significance: Ekebergia capensis holds cultural importance in various African communities. It is often associated with ancestral beliefs and is used in rituals, ceremonies, and traditional practices.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia capensis is native to southern Africa and can be found in countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland, and Mozambique. It typically occurs in various habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and riverine forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia capensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia capensis provides important ecological benefits in its native range. The tree offers shade, habitat, and food sources for various animal species, including birds and insects. It contributes to biodiversity and plays a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.

FUN FACT: In South Africa, Ekebergia capensis is known as "Essenhout," which translates to "Ash Wood." This name is derived from the fact that the wood of the tree resembles that of true ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in color and texture, although they are not closely related.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia capensis: A Valuable Tree Species of Southern Africa" by J. H. Coetzee

Ekebergia senegalensis

NAME: Ekebergia senegalensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Senegal Mahogany, African Mahogany, Nargustan

LOCAL NAMES: Akomfem (Ghana), Irosun (Nigeria), Azim (Senegal), Mvule (Uganda)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 25 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured with age. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are dark green, elliptical in shape, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia senegalensis produces small, fragrant white flowers that are arranged in panicles. The tree bears oval-shaped fruits that contain a single seed.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds of Ekebergia senegalensis have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia senegalensis is highly valued for its timber, which is often referred to as African Mahogany. The wood is durable, resistant to rot and insect attacks, and has a beautiful reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and other high-quality wooden products.

2. Medicinal Applications: Different parts of Ekebergia senegalensis have traditional medicinal uses in various African countries. The bark and leaves are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The seeds are employed in treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.

3. Cultural and Ritual Purposes: In some African cultures, Ekebergia senegalensis is regarded as a sacred tree and plays a significant role in rituals and ceremonies. It is often associated with spiritual and protective qualities.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is native to sub-Saharan Africa and can be found in countries such as Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It thrives in diverse habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and gallery forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia senegalensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia senegalensis is considered a valuable tree species with positive environmental impacts. It provides shade and habitat for various wildlife species, including birds and insects. The tree also contributes to soil fertility through leaf litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.

FUN FACT: In some African folklore, Ekebergia senegalensis is associated with mystical powers and is believed to have the ability to ward off evil spirits. Its wood is sometimes used to carve protective talismans and amulets.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia senegalensis: A Valuable Timber Species of the Sudanian Savanna" by S. J. Siebert

Eichhornia crassipes

NAME: Eichhornia crassipesc

FAMILY: Pontederiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Water Hyacinth, Floating Water Hyacinth, Common Water Hyacinth

LOCAL NAMES: Makhana (India), Kangkung Air (Indonesia), Jacinto de Agua (Spanish), La Renoncule d'eau (French)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eichhornia crassipes is a free-floating aquatic plant with thick, spongy stems and large, rounded, glossy green leaves. The leaves are arranged in a rosette pattern and have a prominent central vein. The plant produces showy, lavender to blue-violet flowers that are borne on a spike-like inflorescence. The flowers have six petals, with the uppermost petal adorned with a yellow spot. Eichhornia crassipes has a root system composed of long, feathery roots that dangle beneath the water's surface.

USEFUL PART(s): The whole plant, including the leaves, stems, roots, and flowers of Eichhornia crassipes, can have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Eichhornia crassipes is cultivated as an ornamental plant in water gardens and ponds due to its attractive flowers and foliage.

2. Phytoremediation: Despite being considered an invasive species in many regions, Eichhornia crassipes has been utilized for its phytoremediation properties. It has the ability to absorb excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from water bodies, helping to improve water quality and combat eutrophication.

3. Livestock Feed: In some areas, Eichhornia crassipes is used as fodder for livestock, particularly cattle and pigs. The plant is harvested, dried, and then incorporated into animal feed as a source of nutrition.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eichhornia crassipes is native to South America but has become widely distributed throughout the world due to its invasive nature. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. The plant thrives in freshwater habitats such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and marshes.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eichhornia crassipes appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and plays a vital role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, chlorophyll captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, facilitating the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eichhornia crassipes can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. While it is appreciated for its phytoremediation abilities, the plant can also be highly invasive and form dense mats on the surface of water bodies. These mats can block sunlight, deplete oxygen levels, and hinder the growth of native aquatic plants, disrupting ecosystems and impacting biodiversity.

FUN FACT: The flowers of Eichhornia crassipes are not only visually striking but also have an interesting adaptation. The flower spike contains specialized air-filled cells that allow the inflorescence to float on the water's surface, enhancing its pollination potential.

Further Reading:

• "Eichhornia crassipes: An invasive plant in the United States" by G. Gopal

Ehretia cymosa

NAME: Ehretia cymosa

FAMILY: Boraginaceae

COMMON NAMES: Koda Tree, Puzzlebark, Carribean Raintree

LOCAL NAMES: Ajoé (Dominican Republic), Hierba del Espino (Mexico), Cocoon Bush (Jamaica), Canistel (Bahamas)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ehretia cymosa is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 12 meters. It has a rounded crown and dense foliage. The bark of the tree is grayish-brown and exhibits a distinct puzzle-like pattern, hence the common name "Puzzlebark." The leaves are simple, arranged alternately, and have an elliptical shape with a smooth margin. They are dark green and glossy on the upper surface, while the underside is lighter in color. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are followed by round, orange to red fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ehretia cymosa are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: In traditional medicine, the bark and leaves of Ehretia cymosa are used to treat various ailments. The bark is believed to possess antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties and is used to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. The leaves are used in remedies for respiratory disorders and gastrointestinal issues.

2. Timber: The wood of Ehretia cymosa is valued for its durability and strength. It is used in carpentry, construction, and the production of furniture and handicrafts.

3. Ornamental Plant: Due to its attractive foliage, Ehretia cymosa is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ehretia cymosa is native to various countries in the Caribbean, including the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. It is also found in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. The tree prefers tropical and subtropical climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Ehretia cymosa appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for capturing light energy from the sun and using it in the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and utilizes this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ehretia cymosa can have a positive impact on the environment as it provides habitat and food for various bird species and pollinators. The tree also contributes to soil stabilization and erosion control.

FUN FACT: The bark of Ehretia cymosa is not only visually intriguing with its puzzle-like pattern but also has a unique characteristic. When the bark is peeled, it emits a distinctive garlic-like odor, which has earned it the local name "Ajoé" in the Dominican Republic.

Further Reading:

• "A morphological study of Ehretia cymosa Ruiz et Pavón (Boraginaceae) using scanning electron microscopy" by M. R. M. Bizzo

Eclipta prostrata

NAME: Eclipta prostrata

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: False Daisy, Yerba de Tago, Bhringraj

LOCAL NAMES: Karisalankanni (Tamil), Bhringaraj (Hindi), Maka Botol (Malay), Han Lian Cao (Chinese), Kesharaja (Sanskrit)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eclipta prostrata is a small annual herb that typically grows in moist, sunny areas. It has a prostrate or spreading habit and can reach a height of up to 50 centimeters. The plant features numerous small, white or yellowish flowers with a central disk surrounded by ray florets. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and have a smooth texture. Eclipta prostrata produces small, black, achene-like fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves, stems, and roots of Eclipta prostrata are commonly used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Eclipta prostrata has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed to have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The plant is used to treat liver disorders, hair loss, skin diseases, respiratory issues, and promote overall well-being.

2. Hair Care: The extract or oil derived from Eclipta prostrata, known as Bhringraj oil, is widely used in hair care products. It is believed to nourish the scalp, strengthen hair follicles, and promote hair growth. Bhringraj oil is used in various hair treatments, including hair oils, shampoos, and conditioners.

3. Culinary Uses: In some regions, the leaves of Eclipta prostrata are used as a culinary ingredient. They are added to salads, stir-fries, and herbal teas for their nutritional value.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eclipta prostrata is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, China, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. It is also found in some parts of Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Due to its wide distribution, it is considered a cosmopolitan weed in many regions.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eclipta prostrata appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun, particularly in the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eclipta prostrata can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. On the positive side, it serves as a food source for various insects and birds. It also helps prevent soil erosion due to its spreading habit and extensive root system.

However, Eclipta prostrata can also become an invasive weed in certain areas, particularly in agricultural fields and disturbed habitats. Its rapid growth and ability to produce a large number of seeds can result in the displacement of native plant species and reduce crop yields.

FUN FACT: In traditional Indian medicine, Eclipta prostrata is considered an important herb for promoting hair health. The name "Bhringraj" in Hindi translates to "King of Hair," highlighting its significance in hair care remedies.

Further Reading:

• "Eclipta prostrata: Its Biological Properties and Traditional Uses in Ayurveda" by R. S. Chaudhary

Echinacea purpurea

NAME: Echinacea purpurea

FAMILY: Asteraceae (Aster family)

COMMON NAMES: Purple Coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower

LOCAL NAMES: The local names may vary depending on the region and language.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Echinacea purpurea is a herbaceous perennial plant with a robust, upright stem. It has lance-shaped leaves with a rough texture and hairy surface. The plant produces large, showy, daisy-like flowers with purple or pink petals and a prominent cone-shaped center.

USEFUL PART(s): The useful parts of Echinacea purpurea are primarily the roots and the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal purposes: Echinacea purpurea is widely used in traditional herbal medicine. The roots and aerial parts of the plant are believed to possess immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in various herbal remedies, particularly for supporting the immune system and promoting overall wellness.

2. Ornamental plant: The attractive flowers of Echinacea purpurea make it a popular choice for gardens and landscaping. It adds color and visual interest to flower beds and attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Echinacea purpurea is native to eastern North America. It is found in a wide range of habitats, including prairies, meadows, and open woodlands. Due to its popularity as an ornamental plant and its medicinal value, it is also cultivated in other regions around the world.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Echinacea purpurea is green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for absorbing sunlight during photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy-rich organic compounds.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Echinacea purpurea has a positive environmental impact as it attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies, which play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining biodiversity. It also contributes to the overall beauty and aesthetics of natural habitats and cultivated landscapes.

FUN FACT: The name "Echinacea" is derived from the Greek word "echinos," which means "hedgehog" or "sea urchin," referring to the spiky cone-shaped center of the flower. Additionally, Echinacea purpurea has a long history of use by Native American tribes for various medicinal purposes.

Further Reading:

• "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench" from the Missouri Botanical Garden

• "Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)" from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service