Brunfelsia uniflora

NAME:  Brunfelsia uniflora

FAMILY: Solanaceae

COMMON NAMES: Manacá

LOCAL NAMES:

USEFUL PART(s): Roots

GENERAL USES:

• Oil derived from the flower is use in making perfume

• The plant is also used for its medicinal value

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Brazil

• Bolivia

• Peru

• Ecuador

• Colombia

• Venezuela

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Brunfelsia uniflora medicinal values include

• Aphorodisiacs

• Abortifacient

• antirheumatic

• anaesthetic,

• blood cleanser

• diaphoretic

• diuretic

• emetic

• emmenagogue

• laxative

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

·         Ornamental value

FUN FACT

• Brunfelsia uniflora is a moderate-sized, evergreen woody or small tree with scattered branches; it normally grows 0.5 - 3 metres high, but at times growing up to 8 metres

• The whole plant contains a very toxic alkaloid known as manacine; extract from the root is used as part of arrows poison.

FURTHER READINGS

Graham, J., & Janovec, J. (2016). A remarkable new species of Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) from the eastern Andes of Central Peru. PhytoKeys, 75, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.10759

Jorge, L. F., Meniqueti, A. B., Silva, R. F., Santos, K. A., Da Silva, E. A., Gonçalves, J. E., … Linde, G. A. (2017). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of oleoresin from leaves and flowers of brunfelsia uniflora. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16039714

Thiesen, L. C. T., Sugauara, E. Y. Y., Tešević, V., Glamočlija, J., Soković, M., Gonçalves, J. E., … Colauto, N. B. (2017). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029548

Brucea antidysenterica

NAME:  Brucea antidysenterica

FAMILY:  Simaroubaceae

COMMON NAMES: bitter bark tree

LOCAL NAMES: aballo, m'fankta

USEFUL PART(s): Root bark

GENERAL USES:

• The plant is used for its medicinal value

• The wood is used as firewood and for construction in roof

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Guinea

• Nigeria

• Ethiopia

• Angola

• Malawi

• Zambia

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Brucea antidysenterica medicinal values include

• Cancer

• Dysentery

• Anthelmintic

• Fever

• Diarrhea

• Indigestion

• stomach-ache

FUN FACT

• Brucea antidysenterica is a monoecious woody or small tree about 7 m tall used in local medicine

• The fruit is bitter and said to be poisonous to farm animal

FURTHER READINGS

Chen, M., Chen, R., Wang, S., Tan, W., Hu, Y., Peng, X., & Wang, Y. (2012). Chemical components, pharmacological properties, and nanoparticulate delivery systems of Brucea javanica. International Journal of Nanomedicine. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S31636

Dong, S. H., Liu, J., Ge, Y. Z., Dong, L., Xu, C. H., Ding, J., & Yue, J. M. (2013). Chemical constituents from Brucea javanica. Phytochemistry, 85, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.018

Kefe, A., Giday, M., Mamo, H., & Erko, B. (2016). Antimalarial properties of crude extracts of seeds of Brucea antidysenterica and leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1098-9

Brillantaisia patula

NAME:  Brillantaisia patula

FAMILY: Acanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Brillantaisia

LOCAL NAMES: Owo, lementoko, iwèlè-wèlè

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves

GENERAL USES:

• It is use to beautify the environment

• It is also used for its medicinal value

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Cameroon

• Congo

• Uganda

• Angola

• Nigeria

• Gabon

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Brillantaisia patula medicinal values include

• Yaws

• Diarrhea

• Ease labour

• Dysmenorrhoea

• Chest pain

• Convulsion

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental

FUN FACT

• Brillantaisia patula is strong woody plant up to 6-10 ft. high; it can be from Togo to West Cameroons and across the Congo basin to Uganda and Angola.

• It has relatively great size violet-purple flowers; the upper lip is yellow and purple-blotched.

FURTHER READINGS

Faparusi, F., Bello-Akinosho, M. M., Oyede, R. T., Adewole, A., Bankole, P. O., & Ali, F. F. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Brillantaisia patula leaf. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 6(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2012.9.16

Olufunke, M. D., Zaki, F. U., & Adeleke, O. (2009). Esse ntial oils of stem and leaf from nigerian brillantaisia patula t. and. var. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 12(5), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643759

Bridelia micrantha

NAME:  Bridelia micrantha

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Mitzeeri sweetberry, Yoruba ironwood, mwiza

LOCAL NAMES: Isa,asa,Oga ofia,Edede

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, roots,bark

GENERAL USES:

• The wood is used for furniture, poles, mortars, spoons and tool handles.

• It also serve as fuel and for charcoal production

• The leaves are fed to farm animals

• The fruits are edible and sweet

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Togo

• Rwanda

• Mali

• Malawi

• Kenya

• Central Africa Republic

• Tanzania

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Bridelia micrantha medicinal values include

• Laxative

• Headache

• Migraine

• Cough

• Diarrhoea

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUN FACT

• Bridelia micrantha is a medium to tall, deciduous or evergreen tree reaching 20 m high with a thick spreading canopy; leaves are simple, large and alternate.

• They are found growing along forest margins, in coastal forests, swamp forest and woodland.

FURTHER READINGS

Adesina, J. M., Ileke, K. D., Yallappa, R., & Ofuya, T. I. (2016). Insecticidal evaluation of bridelia micrantha and dalbergia lactea aqueous extracts for the control of podagrica uniforma (Jacoby) and nisotra dilecta (Jacoby) (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) infestation on okra. Agrivita, 38(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v38i3.845

Maroyi, A. (2017). Ethnopharmacology and therapeutic value of Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. in tropical Africa: A comprehensive review. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091493

Mburu, C., Kareru, P., Kipyegon, C., Madivoli, E., Maina, E., Kairigo, P., … Marikah, D. (2016). Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Bridelia micrantha. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2016/26649

Brillantaisia nitens

NAME: Brillantaisia nitens  

FAMILY: Acanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Tropical Giant Sage

LOCAL NAMES: Ogwumadibia, pedjindo, bolobolo,

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves

GENERAL USES:

• Extracts from the leaves can be use in making soaps

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Sierra Leone

• Ghana

• Guinea

• Nigeria

• Cameroon

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Brillantaisia nitens  medicinal values include

• Diarrhoea

• pain-killers

• ear treatments

• antiaborifacients

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUN FACT

• Brillantaisia nitens is a perennial herb about 3 m tall, of wet areas in the forest zone, and reaching mountain elevations.

FURTHER READINGS

Adams, P. R., Musk, R., & Blake, R. (2017). Establishing Eucalyptus nitens plantations using controlled-release fertilisers. Australian Forestry, 80(5), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2017.1387995

Akah, P. A., Okolo, C. E., Okoye, T. C., & Offiah, N. V. (2010). Aqueous extract and methanol fractions of the leaves of Brillantaisia nitens Lindau. reverses phenylhydrazine - Induced anaemia in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(3), 271–277. Retrieved from https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649088907&partnerID=40&md5=69334e1816e94e34285b14959b822c2e

Nembo, E. N., Dimo, T., Bopda, O. S. M., Hescheler, J., & Nguemo, F. (2014). The proliferative and chronotropic effects of Brillantaisia nitens Lindau (Acanthaceae) extracts on pluripotent stem cells and their cardiomyocytes derivatives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 156, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.046

Bridelia ferruginea

NAME:  Bridelia ferruginea

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Ira

LOCAL NAMES: Ira, ira odan, ira eju,Kirni,Ola,okuk, da-fing saba

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, bark,roots,fruits

GENERAL USES:

• The wood is use to make granary

• It also serves as fuel

• Liquid from the wood is use for glazing in pottery

• Extracts from  the plant is use for dyeing clothes

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Niger

• Nigeria

• Ghana

• Sierra Leone

• Togo

• Ivory Coast

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Bridelia ferruginea medicinal values include

• Insomnia

• Antipyretic

• general care in children

• diabetes

• antibacterials

• dysentery

• mouth wash

• gonorrhoea

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUN FACT

• Bridelia ferruginea is a straggly tree about 15 m tall with crooked trunk up to 1.80 m in circumference; the commonest species ranging from Guinea and Mali to S Nigeria, and throughout the wooded savanna regions of Africa.

• The tree is said to drip water all through the dry season in Sierra Leone and it is fire-resistant.

FURTHER READINGS

Awodele, O., Amagon, K. I., Agbo, J., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2015). Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) in rodents. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 8(2), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0014

Bakoma, B., Berké, B., Eklu-Gadegbeku, K., Agbonon, A., Aklikokou, K., Gbeassor, M., & Moore, N. (2014). Effect of Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) ethyl acetate and acetone fractions on insulin resistance in fructose drinking mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(3), 896–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.065

Brassica Oleracea Var Capitata

NAME:  Brassica oleracea var capitata

FAMILY: Cruciferae

COMMON NAMES: Cabbage, sea cabbage, col blanca, chou pommé, kan lan, karanb

LOCAL NAMES: Kabeji, Spitzkohl, cavolo cappucio

USEFUL PART(s): Leaves, seeds

GENERAL USES:

• Cabbage can be eaten raw or cooked and also processed

• It also serve as fodder for farm animals

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• China

• Germany

• Nigeria

• Italy

• Netherland

• Japan

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Brassica oleracea var capitata medicinal values include

• Antimicrobial

• skin diseases

• rheumatism

• sore throat

• hoarseness

• colic

• pneumonia

• appendicitis

• ulcers

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUN FACT

• A cabbage plant is a big bud that forms into a head including intersecting leaves encircled by a rosette of outer leaves close to the ground; it is a field crop.

• Cabbage heads can be green, purple or white; ranges from 0.5 to 4 kilograms.

FURTHER READINGS

Liu, X. ping, Yang, C., Han, F. qing, Fang, Z. yuan, Yang, L. mei, Zhuang, M., … Zhang, Y. yong. (2016). Genetics and fine mapping of a yellow-green leaf gene (ygl-1) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Molecular Breeding, 36(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0509-4

Yuan, S., Su, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Z., Fang, Z., Yang, L., … Sun, P. (2015). Chromosome Doubling of Microspore-Derived Plants from Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01118

Boswellia spp

NAME:  Boswellia spp

FAMILY: Burseraceae

COMMON NAMES: Frankincense, Olibanum, Olibano, al-maṣṭikaالمصطكىs

LOCAL NAMES: Juguuhi

USEFUL PART(s): Bark

GENERAL USES:

• Boswelia spp are used as a source of frankincense

• It is used for religious activities

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• China

• Somalia

• India

• South Arabia

• Cameroon

• Nigeria

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Boswellia spp medicinal values include

• Anti-inflammatory

• Anti snake venom

• antiproliferative effect on tumors

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUN FACT

• Boswellia spp are flowering plants of moderate-sized, consisting both trees and shrubs, and are indigenous  to tropical regions of Africa and Asia

• There are four major species of Boswellia which produce true frankincense; Boswellia carteri, Boswellia  frereana, Boswellia  papyrifera, and Boswellia serrata.

FURTHER READINGS

Attorre, F., Taleb, N., De Sanctis, M., Farcomeni, A., Guillet, A., & Vitale, M. (2011). Developing conservation strategies for endemic tree species when faced with time and data constraints: Boswellia spp. on Socotra (Yemen). Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(7), 1483–1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0039-7

Younoussa, L., Nukenine, E. N., & Esimone, C. O. (2016). Toxicity of Boswellia dalzielii (Burseraceae) Leaf Fractions Against Immature Stages of Anopheles gambiae (Giles) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Insect Science, 8, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S37188

Alstonia Congensis

NAME:  Alstonia congensis

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

COMMON NAMES: Stool wood, Alstonia, Cheese wood, Emien, Songati

LOCAL NAMES: Ahun, Egbu, Egbu-ora

USEFUL PART(s):  Bark

GENERAL USES:

• The wood is used for little construction, light carpentry work e.g. crates, boxes etc.

• It is also used in the production of household tools

• The timber is also traded internationally

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Nigeria

• DR Congo

• Angola

• Central African Republic

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Alstonia congensis medicinal values include:

• Malaria

• Astringent

• Toothache

• Malaria

• Gonorrhea

• Diarrhoea

• Rheumatism

• Anthelmintic

• Leucorrhoea

• Ulcers

• Scabies

• Headache

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental purpose

• Shade tree

FUNFUL FACT

• Alstonia congensis is a tall forest tree about 25-30 m high, the stem is cylindrical and it has a rough bark.

FURTHER READINGS

Akinnawo, O. O., Anyasor, G. N., & Osilesi, O. (2017). Aqueous fraction of Alstonia boonei de Wild leaves suppressed inflammatory responses in carrageenan and formaldehyde induced arthritic rats. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 86, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.145

Al-Henhena, N., Ying, R. P. Y., Ismail, S., Najm, W., Khalifa, S. A. M., El-Seedi, H., & Abdulla, M. A. (2014). Chemopreventive efficacy of Andrographis paniculata on azoxymethane-induced aberrant colon crypt foci in vivo. PLoS ONE, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111118

Bagheri, G., Mirzaei, M., Mehrabi, R., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2016). Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of alstonia scholaris, alstonia venenata and moringa oleifera plants from India. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-31129

Chime S.A, Ugwuoke E.C, Onyishi I.V, Brown S.A, O. G. . (2013). and Evaluation of Alstonia boonei Stem Bark Powder Tablets. Indian Journal Pharmaceutics Science, 2(April), 226–230.

Khyade, M. S., Kasote, D. M., & Vaikos, N. P. (2014). Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don: A comparative review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.025

Li, C. J., Chen, S., Sun, C., Zhang, L., Shi, X., & Wu, S. J. (2017). Cytotoxic monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia yunnanensis Diels. Fitoterapia, 117, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.12.011

Omoregie, E., Oriakhi, K., Oikeh, E., Okugbo, O., & Akpobire, D. (2014). Comparative study of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of Alstonia boonei and Eupatorium odoratum. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 22(3&4), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v22i3.7

Pan, L., Terrazas, C., Acuña, U. M., Ninh, T. N., Chai, H., Carcache de Blanco, E. J., … Kinghorn, A. D. (2014). Bioactive indole alkaloids isolated from Alstonia angustifolia. Phytochemistry Letters, 10, liv–lix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.06.010

Ragasa, C. Y., Lim, K. F., Shen, C. C., & Raga, D. D. (2015). Hypoglycemic Potential of Triterpenes from Alstonia scholaris. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 49(1), 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-015-1217-9

Thomas, S. K., Kunjumon, M., George, R. E., & Iyer, T. V. (2015). A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ALSTONIA VENENATA R. BR. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research IJPSR, 6(4), 1741–1745. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(4).1741-45

Alstonia Boonei

NAME:  Alstonia boonei

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

COMMON NAMES: Stool wood, Pattern wood, Cheese wood

LOCAL NAMES: Awun, Ahun, Eghu, Akpi, Onyame dua

USEFUL PART(s):  Root, bark, leaves

GENERAL USES:

• The wood is use for construction and carving

• The plant produces good timber which can be traded internationally

• The wood is used for fuel as firewood

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Ethiopia

• Tanzania

• Egypt

• Cameroon

• Central African Republic

• Ghana

• Cote D’Ivoire

• Nigeria

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Alstonia boonei medicinal values include:

• Breast development

• Filaria worms

• Anthelmintics

• Antidote

• Malaria fever

• Yellow fever

• Anti-periodic

• Arthritis

• Antimalarial

• Aphrodisiac

• Dysmenorrhoea

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• It is a good shade tree for crops

FUNFUL FACT

• Alstonia boonei is a tall, deciduous, evergreen forest tree which height can reach 145ft in damp areas

• The leaves are  oblanceolate, and in whorls at nodes and can be propagated by seeds

• The latex from is toxic

FURTHER READINGS

Agbedahunsi, J. M., Adepiti, A. O., Adedini, A. A., Akinsomisoye, A., & Adepitan, O. (2016). Antimalarial Properties of Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei on Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and Curcuma longa on Quinine in Mice. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2014.999151

Akinnawo, O. O., Anyasor, G. N., & Osilesi, O. (2017). Aqueous fraction of Alstonia boonei de Wild leaves suppressed inflammatory responses in carrageenan and formaldehyde induced arthritic rats. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 86, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.145

Chime S.A, Ugwuoke E.C, Onyishi I.V, Brown S.A, O. G. . (2013). and Evaluation of Alstonia boonei Stem Bark Powder Tablets. Indian Journal Pharmaceutics Science, 2(April), 226–230.

Erhunse, N., Oriakhi, K., Orhue, N. E. J., & Omoregie, E. S. (2016). Comparative study on phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of extracts of Alstonia boonei de Wild and Anthocleista djalonensis. Journal, 13(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v13i1.3

Idowu, E. T., Ajaegbu, H. C. N., Omotayo, A. I., Aina, O. O., & Otubanjo, O. A. (2015). In vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a combination of Picralima nitida, Alstonia boonei and Gongronema latifolium in mice infected with Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei. African Health Sciences, 15(4), 1262–1270. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.27

Lucien Nkono Ya Nkono, B., Dongmo Sokeng, S., Djomeni Paul Désiré, D., & Kamtchouing, P. (2014). Antihyperglycemic and Antioxydant Properties of Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) Stem Bark Aqueous Extract in Dexamethasone-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats. International Journal of Diabetes Research, 3(3), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.diabetes.20140303.01

Ogueke, C. C., Uwaleke, J., Owuamanam, C. I., & Okolue, B. (2014). Antimicrobial activities of Alstonia boonei stem bark, a Nigerian traditional medicinal plant. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(S2), S957–S962. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60766-0

Omoregie, E., Oriakhi, K., Oikeh, E., Okugbo, O., & Akpobire, D. (2014). Comparative study of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of Alstonia boonei and Eupatorium odoratum. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 22(3&4), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v22i3.7

Sarpong, L. M., Sarpong, F. M., & Amponsah, I. K. (2016). Antiplasmodial activity of the leaves and stem bark of Carapa procera and Alstonia boonei. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 8(3), 116–122.

Aloe Vera

NAME:  Aloe vera

FAMILY: Liliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Barbados Aloe, wonder plant

LOCAL NAMES: Barbados Aloe

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves juice

GENERAL USES:

• Aloe vera is use in flavouring food

• It is use in cosmetics in creams and lotions

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• China

• Japan

•  India

• Greece

• Egypt,

• Mexico

• Morocco

• Mauritania

WHY IS IT GREEN?

Aloe vera medicinal values include:

• Purgative

• Guineaworms

• Hair care

• Skin diseases

• Constipation

• Wound

• Diabetes

• Amenorrhoea

• Breast cancer

• Depression and learning

• Immune booster

• Teeth and Gum treatment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental purpose

FUNFUL FACT

• Aloe vera  is an evergreen, succulent, short-stemmed plant and form a packed rosette

FURTHER READINGS

Ahlawat, K. S., & Khatkar, B. S. (2011). Processing, food applications and safety of aloe vera products: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0229-z

Basmatker, G., Jais, N., & Daud, F. (2011). Aloe vera : A valuable multifunctional cosmetic ingredient. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1(3), 338–341.

Bharat, C. R., & Krishna, G. D. (2017). GC-MS analysis of young leaves of allophylus cobbe (L.) raeusch. and allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3.75

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016a). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. Www.wjpps.com World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016b). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

González, V. V., Solís, S. M., & Ferrucci, M. S. (2014). Anatomía reproductiva en flores estaminadas y pistiladas de Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae). Boletin de La Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 49(2), 207–216.

Manigandan, T., Elumalai, M., Cholan, P., Kaur, R., & Mangaiyarkarasi, S. (2015). Benefits of Aloe vera in dentistry. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 7(5), 257. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.155943

Mukherjee, P. K., Nema, N. K., Maity, N., Mukherjee, K., & Harwansh, R. K. (2014). Phytochemical and therapeutic profile of Aloe vera. Journal of Natural Remedies, 14(1), 1–26. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84902965077&partnerID=tZOtx3y1

Oladosu, I. A., Balogun, S. O., & Liu, Z. Q. (2015). Chemical constituents of Allophylus africanus. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 13(2), 0133–0141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)60017-6

Radha, M., & Laxmipriya, N. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006

Rahman, S., Carter, P., & Bhattarai, N. (2017). Aloe Vera for Tissue Engineering Applications. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb8010006

Sánchez-Machado, D. I., López-Cervantes, J., Sendón, R., & Sanches-Silva, A. (2017). Aloe vera : Ancient knowledge with new frontiers. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 61, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.12.005

Sujatha, G., Senthil Kumar, G., Muruganandan, J., & Srinivasa Prasad, T. (2014). Aloe vera in dentistry. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8382.4983

Aloe Barteri

NAME:  Aloe barteri

FAMILY: Liliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Aloe

LOCAL NAMES: Eti erin, Ida-egun, Ida-orisa, Moda, bangio fauru, sogoba hu

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves

GENERAL USES:

• Aloe barteri  is majorly a medicinal plant

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Senegal

• Ghana

• Nigeria

• Malawi

• Zambia

• Togo

• Ivory coast

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Aloe barteri medicinal values include:

• Ringworm

• Anthelmintics

• Aphrodisiac

• Amenorrhoea

• Cough

• Skin infections

• Astringent

• Antitumour

• Pile

• Fruits for preventing snake bite

• Malaria

• Rheumatism

FUNFUL FACT

• Aloe barteri is a plant with fleshy leaves organized in a rosette and it is 3ft high.

• The plant has about 12 branches with bulbs that have different colours such as green-yellow, dull red, red.

FURTHER READINGS

Bharat, C. R., & Krishna, G. D. (2017). GC-MS analysis of young leaves of allophylus cobbe (L.) raeusch. and allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3.75

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016a). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. Www.wjpps.com World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016b). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

González, V. V., Solís, S. M., & Ferrucci, M. S. (2014). Anatomía reproductiva en flores estaminadas y pistiladas de Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae). Boletin de La Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 49(2), 207–216.

Mukherjee, P. K., Nema, N. K., Maity, N., Mukherjee, K., & Harwansh, R. K. (2014). Phytochemical and therapeutic profile of Aloe vera. Journal of Natural Remedies, 14(1), 1–26. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84902965077&partnerID=tZOtx3y1

Oladosu, I. A., Balogun, S. O., & Liu, Z. Q. (2015). Chemical constituents of Allophylus africanus. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 13(2), 0133–0141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)60017-6

Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006

Rahman, S., Carter, P., & Bhattarai, N. (2017). Aloe Vera for Tissue Engineering Applications. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb8010006

Sánchez-Machado, D. I., López-Cervantes, J., Sendón, R., & Sanches-Silva, A. (2017). Aloe vera : Ancient knowledge with new frontiers. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 61, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.12.005

Sofidiya, M. O., Imeh, E., Ezeani, C., Aigbe, F. R., & Akindele, A. J. (2014). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Alafia barteri. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 24(3), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.013

Sujatha, G., Senthil Kumar, G., Muruganandan, J., & Srinivasa Prasad, T. (2014). Aloe vera in dentistry. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8382.4983

Ye, C.-L., Dai, D.-H., & Hu, W.-L. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control, 30(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.033

Allophylus Africanus

NAME:  Allophylus africanus 

FAMILY: Sapindaceae

COMMON NAMES: African false currant, African allophylus

LOCAL NAMES: Eekan-ehoro, Alarto, Odu-oko, banotoren, gono gonio

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves, Roots, Bark

GENERAL USES:

• The fruit of the plant is edible and serves as food

• The wood serves as fuel and lighting

• It is use in making household or domestic tools e.g. handles, toy etc.

• Twig can be use as chew-sticks. 

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Madagascar

• Nigeria

• Zimbabwe

• Senegal

• Cameroon

• Tanzania

• Mozambique

• South Africa

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allophylus africanus medicinal values include:

• Diarrhea

• Pile

• Toothache

• Anthelmintics

• Venereal diseases

• Cough

• Sedatives

• Painkiller

• Arthritis

• Rheumatism

• Eye treatment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental purpose

FUNFUL FACT

• Allophylus africanus is a shrubby plant about 10m tall whose flower is white, cream, yellow or green in colour and fruit is red and fleshy.

FURTHER READINGS

Bharat, C. R., & Krishna, G. D. (2017). GC-MS analysis of young leaves of allophylus cobbe (L.) raeusch. and allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3.75

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016a). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. Www.wjpps.com World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

Chavan, R. B., & Gaikwad, D. K. (2016b). the Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Allophylus Species Used in Traditional Medicine: a Review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(11), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps201611-8039

González, V. V., Solís, S. M., & Ferrucci, M. S. (2014). Anatomía reproductiva en flores estaminadas y pistiladas de Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae). Boletin de La Sociedad Argentina de Botanica, 49(2), 207–216.

Oladosu, I. A., Balogun, S. O., & Liu, Z. Q. (2015). Chemical constituents of Allophylus africanus. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 13(2), 0133–0141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)60017-6

Allium sativum

NAME:  Allium sativum

FAMILY: Liliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Garlic

LOCAL NAMES: Ayo, Ayuu

USEFUL PART(s):  Bulb

GENERAL USES:

• Garlic is use in seasoning food and it can be eaten raw

• It is used in fish and meat preservation

• Liquid substance from the garlic can be use as adhesive on broken glass

• It is use for pest control

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Egypt

• China

• Nigeria

• France

• Italy

• Vietnam

• Indian

• Pakistan

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allium sativum medicinal values include:

• Fever

• Coughs

• Asthma

• Dilated bronchi

• Flatulence

• Anthelmintic

• Ringworm

• Antibiotic

• Diuretic

• Emmenagogue

• Antimicrobials,

• Blood tonic

• Malaria

• Cold

• Cardiovascular diseases

FUNFUL FACT

• Garlic is bulbous plant which have sword shape leaves joined to the subterranean stem

• Garlic was used in preventing microbial infection known as gangrene during World Wars I and II

FURTHER READINGS

Chakravarthi, P. V., Arivuchelvan, A., & Jagadeeswaran, A. (2016). Immunomodulatory activity of Allium Sativum against newcastle disease in native poultry birds. Indian Veterinary Journal, 93(5), 17–19.

Dash, P., Yadav, S., & Sahoo, P. K. (2014). Immunoadjuvant effect of garlic (Allium sativum)–mineral oil suspension on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rohu, Labeo rohita. International Aquatic Research, 6(3), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40071-014-0072-8

Farahpour, M. R., Hesaraki, S., Faraji, D., Zeinalpour, R., & Aghaei, M. (2017). Hydroethanolic Allium sativum extract accelerates excision wound healing: Evidence for roles of mast-cell infiltration and intracytoplasmic carbohydrate ratio. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000115079

Fonseca, G. M., Passos, T. C., Ninahuaman, M. F. M. L., Caroci, A. S., & Costa, L. S. (2014). Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do alho (allium sativum liliaceae) e de seu extrato aquoso. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16(3), 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084X/12_150

Gbolade, A. (2012). Ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in Edo State of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.018

Hosseini, A., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2015). A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-015-0313-8

Kuete, V. (2017). Allium sativum. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809286-6.00015-7

Martins, N., Petropoulos, S., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2016). Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review. Food Chemistry, 211, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.029

Products, C. on H. M. (2016). European Union herbal monograph Allium sativum L., bulbus. European Medical Agency, (July), 1–9.

Reiter, J., Levina, N., Van Der Linden, M., Gruhlke, M., Martin, C., & Slusarenko, A. J. (2017). Diallylthiosulfinate (Allicin), a volatile antimicrobial from garlic (Allium sativum), kills human lung pathogenic bacteria, including MDR strains, as a vapor. Molecules, 22(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101711

Allium Cepa

NAME:  Allium cepa

FAMILY: Liliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Onion, bulb onion, common onion

LOCAL NAMES: Alubosa, Albasa, Yabase, Albasa gudaji

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves, Bulb

GENERAL USES:

• Onions serves as a food, cooked as vegetables or as ingredient for delicacies 

• Onions are usually use in education to teach the use of a microscope for viewing  cell structure

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• China

• Egypt

• Nigeria

• England

• India

• Senegal

• Mali

• Burkina Faso

• Ghana 

• Kenya

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allium cepa medicinal values include:

• Cough

• Diuretic

• Anthelmintics

• Weak erection

• Anti-tumour

• boils

• stings

• Rubefacient

• Throat infection

• Headache

• Asthma

FUNFUL FACT

• Onions are biennial plants which has bluish-green leaves and its bulb at the base is encircle by fleshy modified leaves

• They have a strong odour when cut and contain certain chemical substances which irritate the eyes.

• Onions are toxic to some animals e.g. dog, cat, goat etc.

FURTHER READINGS

El-Aasr, M., Fujiwara, Y., Takeya, M., Ikeda, T., Tsukamoto, S., Ono, M., … Nohara, T. (2010). Onionin a from allium cepa inhibits macrophage activation. Journal of Natural Products, 73(7), 1306–1308. https://doi.org/10.1021/np100105u

Khanna, N., & Sharma, S. (2013). Allium Cepa Root Chromosomal Aberration Assay: A Review. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res, 1(3), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.06.004

Muñoz, D. M., & Guerrero, N. (2013). Allium test para evaluar el efecto citotóxico y genotóxico de extractos naturales en células meristemáticas de Allium cepa. Memorias, 11(19), 83–86.

Ozakca, D. U., & Silah, H. (2013). Genotoxicity effects of Flusilazole on the somatic cells of Allium cepa. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 107(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.001

Özkara, A., Akyıl, D., Eren, Y., & Erdoğmuş, S. F. (2015). Potential cytotoxic effect of Anilofos by using Allium cepa assay. Cytotechnology, 67(5), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9716-1

Pobłocka-Olech, L., Głód, D., Zebrowska, M. E., Sznitowska, M., & Krauze-Baranowska, M. (2016). TLC determination of flavonoids from different cultivars of Allium cepa and Allium ascalonicum. Acta Pharmaceutica, 66(4), 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2016-0038

Qin, R., Ning, C., Björn, L. O., & Li, S. (2016). Proteomic analysis of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. roots under copper stress. Plant and Soil, 401(1–2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2741-9

Sari, M. U., Hartono, R., & Hakim, L. (2013). Sifat Antirayap Ekstrak Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa). Jurnal USU, 139–145.

Setyadjit, & Sukasih, E. (2015). Effect of Addition of Filler on the Production of Shallot (Allium Cepa Var. Ascalonicum L.) Powder with Drum Dryer. Procedia Food Science, 3, 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2015.01.044

Surono, A. S. (2013). Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Lapis Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 2(1), 1–15.

Ye, C.-L., Dai, D.-H., & Hu, W.-L. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control, 30(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.033

Allium Ascalonicum

NAME:  Allium ascalonicum

FAMILY: Liliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Shallot, Spring onion

LOCAL NAMES: Alubosa-elewe, Albasa maigo, kaanda, praan

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves, Bulb

GENERAL USES:

• Allium ascalonicum  is majorly use in cooking  in spicing foods and as an ingredient

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Nigeria

• USA

• China

• India

• Malaysia

• Thailand

• Ghana

• Indonesia

• Vietnam

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allium ascalonicum medicinal values include:

• Convulsion

• Dysentery

• Sore throat

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

FUNFUL FACT

• Shallot has its name from Ashkelon, an old Philistine city

• It’s  in clusters of short prostrate shoot and often use because of their pleasant taste and flavour but it has a strong smell

• Shallot is a type of onion but the flavour is not sharp or strong compared to onions

FURTHER READINGS

Acheampong, A., Badu, M., & Agyemang, A. Y. (2016). Comparative Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activities of Xanthosoma colocasia , Solanum torvum and Allium ascalonicum L . International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, 2(4), 73–79.

Jamilah, & Novita, E. (2016). Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair Crocober Terhadap Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Jurnal Ipteks Terapan, 2(2), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.22216/jit.2014.v8i2.424

Mariana Putri, Rosita Sipayung, M. S. (2012). PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN VERMIKOMPOS DAN URINE DOMBA. Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi, 1(1), 125 & 137.

Pandurangan, V., Amanulla, S. S. D., & Ramanathan, K. (2016). Anticancer efficacy of dry and fresh Allium ascalonicum (shallot) against HepG2 cell line. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(3), 196–199. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2016.6.08012016112

Pobłocka-Olech, L., Głód, D., Zebrowska, M. E., Sznitowska, M., & Krauze-Baranowska, M. (2016). TLC determination of flavonoids from different cultivars of Allium cepa and Allium ascalonicum. Acta Pharmaceutica, 66(4), 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2016-0038

Raeisi, S., Sharifi-Rad, M., Quek, S. Y., Shabanpour, B., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2016). Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) fruit and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague) seed extracts in semi-fried coated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets for shelf-life extension. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 65, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.064

Rosliani, R., Hidayat, I. M., Sulastrini, I., & Hilman, Y. (2016). Dissemination of technology for shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) seed production using true shallot seed (TSS) in Indonesia. In Acta Horticulturae (Vol. 1143, pp. 345–352). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1143.49

Setyadjit, & Sukasih, E. (2015). Effect of Addition of Filler on the Production of Shallot (Allium Cepa Var. Ascalonicum L.) Powder with Drum Dryer. Procedia Food Science, 3, 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2015.01.044

Tubić, L., Anačkov, G., Milojević, J., Ghalawenji, N., Mitić, N., Igić, R., & Zdravković-Korać, S. (2014). High variability in the tissue culture response of root-tips of Allium ascalonicum individuals and optimization of the regeneration procedure. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 118(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0465-9

Zonyane, S., Van Vuuren, S. F., & Makunga, N. P. (2013). Antimicrobial interactions of Khoi-San poly-herbal remedies with emphasis on the combination; Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148(1), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.003

Allanblackia Floribunda

NAME:  Allanblackia floribunda 

FAMILY: Guttiferae

COMMON NAMES: tallow tree, vegetable tallow

LOCAL NAMES: Orogbo erin, Egba, Nkpukpotiri, anane, bohwe

USEFUL PART(s):  Root, leaves, stem-bark, fruit

GENERAL USES:

• The wood is use in light constructions, furniture e.g. door, window frames etc.

• It can also be use as chew-sticks, candlesticks

• The wood can be use as firewood

• The seed produce fat which is used in preparing food

Geographic Distribution

• Nigeria

• Togo

• Congo

• Uganda

• Cameroon

• Ghana

• Sierra Leone

• Gabon

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allanblackia floribunda medicinal values include:

• Malaria

• Dysentery

• Toothache

• Chicken pox

• Small pox

• Measles

• Hypertension

• Pain relief

• Toothache

• Asthma

FUNFUL FACT

• The fruits from the tree are big and much

• It is an evergreen plant and occur in rainforest areas

FURTHER READINGS

Akpanika, G. A., Winters, A., Wilson, T., Ayoola, G. A., Adepoju-Bello, A. A., & Hauck, B. (2017). Polyphenols from Allanblackia floribunda seeds: Identification, quantification and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 222, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.002

Azebaze, A. G. B., Teinkela, J. E. M., Nguemfo, E. L., Valentin, A., Dongmo, A. B., & Vardamides, J. C. (2015). Antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds from cameroonians allanblackia. African Health Sciences, 15(3), 835–840. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i3.18

Boudjeko, T., Megnekou, R., Woguia, A. L., Kegne, F. M., Ngomoyogoli, J. E. K., Tchapoum, C. D. N., & Koum, O. (2015). Antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides from Allanblackia floribunda Oliv stem bark and Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H.E. Robins leaves. BMC Research Notes, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1703-x

Brusotti, G., Papetti, A., Serra, M., Temporini, C., Marini, E., Orlandini, S., … Kamtchouing, P. (2016). Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.: An aphrodisiac plant with vasorelaxant properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 192, 480–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.033

Fobane, J. L., Ndam, E. N., & Mbolo, M. (2014). Population structure and natural regeneration of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae) in a forest concession of East Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). Retrieved from http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/JBES-Vol4No2-p403-410.pdf

Loumouamou, B. W., Binaki, A. F., & Silou, T. (2014). Oleaginous character and profiles in fatty acids and in triacylglyc??rols of the seeds of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. of Congo. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 6(3), 308–315.

Sanda, A. K., Miegueu, P., Bilanda, D. C., Ngassam, M. F. N., Watcho, P., Djomeni, P. D. D., & Kamtchouing, P. (2013). Ejaculatory activities of Allanblackia floribunda stem bark in spinal male rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(8), 1014–1020. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.774029

Tsobeng, A., Ofori, D., Tchoundjeu, Z., Asaah, E., & Van Damme, P. (2016). Improving growth of stockplants and rooting ability of leafy stem cuttings of Allanblackia floribunda Oliver (Clusiaceae) using different NPK fertilizers and periods of application. New Forests, 47(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9517-1

Allamanda cathartica

NAME:  Allamanda cathartica

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

COMMON NAMES: Yellow allamanda, Angel's trumpet, Butter-cup, Golden trumpet, Guinea herb

LOCAL NAMES: Ododo-alamanda, canario, ruan huang chan

USEFUL PART(s):  Roots

GENERAL USES:

• The shrub serves as  wind-breaker

• It can also be use for demarcation and support

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Brazil

• Sri Lanka

• Australia

• China

• USA

• Fiji

• Honduras

• Costa Rica

• Nicaragua

• Puerto Rico

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Allamanda cathartica medicinal values include:

• Antimicrobials

• Malaria

• Dysentery

• Cathartic.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental plant

• Environmental weed in some areas

FACT

• The parts of the plant are toxic to both farm animal and man and contains milky latex

• It is a woody vine whose flower is yellow and has a trumpet shape

• It is propagated by seed and stem cutting

FURTHER READINGS

Bonomini, T. J., Holzmann, I., Thiesen, L. C., Fratoni, E., Muller, A. F. F., Lucinda-Silva, R. M., … Santin, J. R. (2017). Neuropharmacological and acute toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Allamanda cathartica L. flowers and plumieride. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 91, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.005

Chaveerach, A., Tanee, T., Patarapadungkit, N., Khamwachirapithak, P., & Sudmoon, R. (2016). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Allamanda and Plumeria species. ScienceAsia, 42(6), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2016.42.375

Conrad, O. A., Dike, I. P., & Agbara, U. (2013). In vivo antioxidant assessment of two antimalarial plants-Allamamda cathartica and Bixa orellana. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(5), 388–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60082-9

Karunakaran, G., Jagathambal, M., Gusev, A., Kolesnikov, E., Mandal, A. R., & Kuznetsov, D. (2016). Allamanda cathartica flower’s aqueous extract-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with excellent antioxidant and antibacterial potential for biomedical application. MRS Communications, 6(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2016.2

Okoduwa, S. I. R., Mbora, L. O., Adu, M. E., & Adeyi, A. A. (2015a). Comparative Analysis of the Properties of Acid-Base Indicator of Rose ( Rosa setigera ), Allamanda ( Allamanda cathartica ), and Hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) Flowers. Biochemistry Research International, 2015, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/381721

Okoduwa, S. I. R., Mbora, L. O., Adu, M. E., & Adeyi, A. A. (2015b). Comparative analysis of the properties of acid-base indicator of rose (Rosa setigera), Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica), and hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flowers. Biochemistry Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/381721

Rajamanickam, K., & Sudha, S. S. (2013). In-vitro antimicrobial activity and in-vivo toxicity of Moringa oleifera and Allamanda cathartica against multiple drug resistant clinical pathogens. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(1).

Alchornea Laxiflora

NAME:  Alchornea laxiflora

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Three-veined bead string, Lowveld bead-string

LOCAL NAMES: Pepe, Ijan, uwenuwen, ububo, longoso

USEFUL PART(s):  Stem, roots, leaves

GENERAL USES:

•  Leaves are used as wrapping and keeping material from destroying

• Tender branches are used as chewing sticks for cleaning the teeth

• Stems can be used as fence poles and also in making household and domestic items

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

• Nigeria

• Ethiopia

• Congo

• Zimbabwe

• Mozambique

• South Africa

• Swaziland.

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Alchornea laxiflora medicinal values include:

• Hernia

• venereal diseases

• Emmenagogue

• Ring worm

• Inflammatory diseases

• Malaria

• Pain relief

FUNFUL FACT

• Alchornea laxiflora is a deciduous, upright small tree about 7–10 m tall and common in evergreen forests.

• The flowers are unisexual and the fruits are even, dark green, brown, slightly hairy and has 3 seeds

FURTHER READINGS

Akinpelu, D. A., Abioye, E. O., Aiyegoro, O. A., Akinpelu, O. F., & Okoh, A. I. (2015). Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax. & Hoffman. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/684839

Bafor, E. E., Eyohan, S. E., Omoruyi, O., Elvis-Offiah, U. B., Ayinde, B., Eze, G. I., … Braimoh, K. P. (2015). Preliminary endocrinological, histological and haematological investigation of Alchornea laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract effects on the ovary, uterus and cervix of mouse models. J Sci Pract Pharm December, 2(1), 55–63.

Kingsley, O., Esosa, U. S., Georgina, E. O., Sunday, J. J., & Spencer, N. C. O. (2013). Possible Reversal of Sodium Arsenate-induced Liver Toxicity by Hexane Leaf Extract of Alchornea laxiflora. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 3–8.

Okokon, J. E., Augustine, N. B., & Mohanakrishnan, D. (2017). Antimalarial, antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of root extract of Alchornea laxiflora. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1022–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1285947

Olajire, A. A., Adeyeye, G. O., & Yusuf, R. A. (2017). Alchornea laxiflora Bark Extract Assisted Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles for Oxidative Desulphurization of Model Oil. Journal of Cluster Science, 28(3), 1565–1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-017-1167-3

Sandjo, L. P., Poumale, H. M. P., Noudou, X. S., Ntede, H. N., Shiono, Y., Ngadjui, B. T., … Mbafor, J. T. (2011). Erratum: Two new fatty acid derivatives from the stem bark of Alchornea laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) (JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1770-7). JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1890-0

Tchinda, C. F., Voukeng, I. K., Beng, V. P., & Kuete, V. (2017). Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Laportea ovalifolia and three other Cameroonian plants against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(4), 950–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.033

Alchornea Cordifolia

NAME:  Alchornea cordifolia

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Christmas bush

LOCAL NAMES: Ipa, esinsin, eepa, bambami, ububo, bulora, garagasaki

USEFUL PART(s):  Leaves, stem, bark, twig

GENERAL USES:

• The part of the tree is use in making dyes, inks and stains

• The wood is use in furniture and for house construction

• The leaves can be cooked and serves as food

• The wood serves as fuel

Geographic Distribution

• Ghana

• Togo

• Nigeria

• Cameroon

•  sierra leone

• Liberia

• Mali

• Ivory coast

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Alchornea cordifolia medicinal values include:

• Fever

• Rheumatism

• antimicrobials

• Diuretic

• Purgative

• Toothache

• Cough

• Sore

• Gonorrhea

• Insomnia

• Diarrhea

• Haemorrhoids

• Antiaborifacients

• Venereal diseases

• Epilepsy

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Improve soil fertility

• Shelter tree for crops

FUNFUL FACT

• The mode of propagation is by seed or stem cuttings

• It is a medicinal plant which scatter easily and usually found in secondary forest

FURTHER READINGS

Adeneye, A. A. dewale, Oreagba, A. I. brahim, Ishola, I. O. gunbayode, & Kalejaiye, H. A. deola. (2014). Evaluation of the anti-arthritic activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in rats. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines : AJTCAM / African Networks on Ethnomedicines, 11(2), 402–410.

Adeshina, G. O., Kunle, O. F., Onaolapo, J. A., Ehinmidu, J. O., & Odama, L. E. (2012). Antimicrobial Activity of the Aqueous and Ethyl Acetate Sub-Fractions of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(1), 31–41.

Ajibade, T. O., & Olayemi, F. O. (2015). Reproductive and toxic effects of methanol extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf in male rats. Andrologia, 47(9), 1034–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12374

Boniface, P. K., Ferreira, S. B., & Kaiser, C. R. (2016). Recent trends in phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacological significance of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Muell. Arg. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.021

Djimeli, M. N., Fodouop, S. P. C., Njateng, G. S. S., Fokunang, C., Tala, D. S., Kengni, F., & Gatsing, D. (2017). Antibacterial activities and toxicological study of the aqueous extract from leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1854-5

Kouakou, K., Schepetkin, I. A., Yapi, A., Kirpotina, L. N., Jutila, M. A., & Quinn, M. T. (2013). Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Alchornea cordifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(1), 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.037

Mambe, F. T., Voukeng, I. K., Beng, V. P., & Kuete, V. (2016). Antibacterial activities of methanol extracts from Alchornea cordifolia and four other Cameroonian plants against MDR phenotypes. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 11(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.12.001

Ngaha, N. M. I., Dahlan, I., Massoma, L. D., Mandengue, S. H., & Yusuf, A. A. (2016). Comparative Proximate Analysis of Leaves and Bark of Alchornea Cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 5(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.15640/jaes.v5n1a9

Okoye, F. B. C., Osadebe, P. O., Nworu, C. S., Okoye, N. N., Omeje, E. O., & Esimone, C. O. (2011). Topical anti-inflammatory constituents of lipophilic leaf fractions of Alchornea floribunda and Alchornea cordifolia. Natural Product Research, 25(20), 1941–1949. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.512272

Osadebe, P. O., Okoye, F. B. C., Uzor, P. F., Nnamani, N. R., Adiele, I. E., & Obiano, N. C. (2012). Phytochemical analysis, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Alchornea cordifolia methanol leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(4), 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60041-8

Albizia Zygia

NAME:  Albizia zygia

FAMILY: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Okuro, Atanza, Siris

LOCAL NAMES: Ayinre-weere, kurmii

USEFUL PART(s):  Bark

GENERAL USES:

• It is used for carving, flooring and furniture

• It can be used as firewood and charcoal is produce

• The pulp from the wood is use to produce paper

• Tender leaves are eaten which are cooked as a vegetable

Geographic Distribution

• Senegal

• Kenya

• Angola

• Tanzania

• Ghana

• Nigeria

WHY IS IT GREEN?

 Albizia zygia medicinal values include:

• Arthritis

• Sprain

• Aphrodisiac

• Purgative

• Toothache

• Vermifuge

• Sores

• Bronchial diseases

• Fever

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Ornamental tree

• Shade tree

• Fix nitrogen in the soil

FUNFUL FACT

• Albizia zygia is a rapid-growing, medium-sized deciduous tree with a spreading crown

• It grows well in loamy or clayey soil

FURTHER READINGS

Abotsi, W. K. M., Lamptey, S. B., Afrane, S., Boakye-Gyasi, E., Umoh, R. U., & Woode, E. (2017). An evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of hydroethanol leaf extract of albizia zygia in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1262434

Amoateng, P., Osei-Safo, D., Kukuia, K. K. E., Adjei, S., Akure, O. A., Agbemelo-Tsomafo, C., … Agyeman-Badu, K. Y. (2017). Psychotropic Effects of an Alcoholic Extract from the Leaves of Albizia zygia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9297808

Eddy, N. O., Abechi, S. E., Ameh, P., & Ebenso, E. E. (2013). GCMS, FTIR, SEM, physiochemical and rheological studies on Albizia zygia gum. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, 10(3), 247–265.

KOUASSI, K. H., N’GUESSAN, K., & and Kassi Justin N’DJA. (2013). Influence of the dynamics of Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia zygia on the dynamics of other woody forest. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 3(1), 68–74. Retrieved from http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-13-067-33

Lamptey, S. B., & Abotsi, W. K. M. (2017). Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. hydroethanol root extract exerts anti-oedemic and in vivo antioxidant activities in animal models. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(4), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2017.70429

Ndjakou Lenta, B., Vonthron-Sénécheau, C., Fongang Soh, R., Tantangmo, F., Ngouela, S., Kaiser, M., … Weniger, B. (2007). In vitro antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity of some selected Cameroonian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.036

Noté, O. P., Simo, L., Mbing, J. N., Guillaume, D., Aouazou, S. A., Muller, C. D., … Lobstein, A. (2016). Two new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. Phytochemistry Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2016.09.010

O, U. J., O, O. L., & Igbinaduwa P O. (2017). Albizia zygia (D.C.) Macbr (Fabaceae): A Comparative Investigation of Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Anti-Seizure Properties of Methanol Extracts of Its Leaves and Stem-Bark. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research, 6(2), 76–80.

Ushida, K., Fujita, S., & Ohashi, G. (2006). Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea. American Journal of Primatology, 68(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20212