Eleusine indica

NAME: Eleusine indica

FAMILY: Poaceae (Grass family)

COMMON NAMES: Goosegrass, Wiregrass, Yard-grass

LOCAL NAMES: Amado, Ku muti (Malaysia), Dânsī (India), Kutsai (Zimbabwe)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eleusine indica is a perennial grass that typically grows in tufts or clumps. It has a prostrate growth habit, with slender, wiry stems that can reach lengths of up to 1 meter. The leaves are long, narrow, and tapering, with rough edges. The inflorescence consists of several spike-like racemes that bear small, greenish-white flowers. The seeds are small, light brown, and oblong-shaped.

USEFUL PART(s): The aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Eleusine indica are primarily used.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: In traditional medicine, Eleusine indica has been used to treat various health conditions. It is believed to have diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Infusions or decoctions made from the plant are used to relieve urinary problems, fever, cough, and digestive issues.

2. Forage and Livestock Feed: Eleusine indica is sometimes used as a forage grass for livestock, particularly in areas where it grows abundantly. It provides a source of fodder and can be grazed or cut for hay.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eleusine indica is a cosmopolitan species found in various parts of the world. It is native to Africa but has spread to other continents, including Asia, the Americas, Australia, and Europe. It thrives in disturbed habitats, such as lawns, gardens, agricultural fields, and roadsides.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eleusine indica, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eleusine indica can be considered both a valuable plant and a weed, depending on the context. It can be a problematic weed in agricultural fields, as it competes with crops for resources and can reduce crop yields. However, it also has some ecological benefits, such as providing erosion control and serving as a food source for wildlife.

FUN FACT: Eleusine indica is known by various common names, including Goosegrass and Wiregrass, due to its long, thin stems that resemble the appearance of wires or the feet of geese. Its ability to thrive and spread quickly has earned it the reputation of being a persistent and resilient weed.

Further Reading:

• "Weeds of the World: Biology and Control" by Lawrence J. D. Morse

• "Grasses: Systematics and Evolution" by David J. Gibson

Elephantopus scaber

NAME: Elephantopus scaber

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: Elephant's Foot, Prickly Elephant's Foot, Elephant's Ear

LOCAL NAMES: Vilati Akkota (India), Japica (Brazil), Ungu babi (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elephantopus scaber is a perennial herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of 30-90 centimeters. It has a rosette of basal leaves and produces flowering stems with smaller leaves. The leaves are thick, lance-shaped, and have serrated edges. The plant bears inflorescences with numerous small, tubular flowers that are white or pale lavender in color. After pollination, the flowers produce small, dry fruits containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Elephantopus scaber are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Elephantopus scaber has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems. The leaves and roots are used to prepare herbal remedies for various ailments, including respiratory conditions, digestive disorders, skin diseases, and inflammation. It is also used as a diuretic and to promote wound healing.

2. Culinary Uses: In some cultures, the young leaves of Elephantopus scaber are consumed as a vegetable. They are often cooked or added to soups and stews for their nutritional value and unique flavor.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elephantopus scaber is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It can be found in countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. It tends to thrive in open areas, including grasslands, fields, and disturbed habitats.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Elephantopus scaber, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elephantopus scaber is not known to have significant negative environmental impacts. It is a resilient plant that can tolerate a range of environmental conditions. However, as with any plant species, its introduction to new habitats outside its native range could potentially lead to unintended ecological consequences.

FUN FACT: The common name "Elephant's Foot" is inspired by the shape and appearance of the plant's basal leaves, which resemble the foot of an elephant. This unique characteristic gives the plant its distinctive and memorable name.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use, Experience, Facts" by T. M. Vogl and W. Sticher

• "Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline" by R. Schultes and S. von Reis

Elaeophorbia drupifera

NAME: Elaeophorbia drupifera

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Olive Spurge, Plum-fruited Spurge

LOCAL NAMES: Not available

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is a succulent shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height. It has a woody stem with multiple branches and is covered with thorny spines. The leaves are small, alternate, and fleshy, with a bluish-green color. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color. The flowers are followed by drupe-like fruits that are green when unripe and turn black or dark purple when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: The latex of Elaeophorbia drupifera has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is used topically to relieve pain, treat skin conditions, and promote wound healing.

2. Cultural and Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Elaeophorbia drupifera has symbolic and ritual significance. It is believed to possess protective properties and is used in spiritual practices or ceremonies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeophorbia drupifera is native to parts of Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Congo. It is found in diverse habitats, including savannahs, open woodlands, and disturbed areas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeophorbia drupifera appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elaeophorbia drupifera is known to be a highly invasive species in some regions. It can spread rapidly and outcompete native plant species, leading to the displacement of native vegetation and a decrease in biodiversity. It is important to manage and control its spread to protect natural ecosystems.

FUN FACT: The latex produced by Elaeophorbia drupifera is milky white and contains toxic compounds called diterpene esters. These compounds can cause skin irritation and are known to be toxic to certain animals. Proper caution should be exercised when handling this plant.

Further Reading:

• "Invasive Alien Species in Southern Africa: National Reports and Directory of Resources" edited by I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, and A. A. Ferrar

Elaeis guineensis

NAME: Elaeis guineensis

FAMILY: Arecaceae

COMMON NAMES: African Oil Palm, Guinea Oil Palm

LOCAL NAMES: Dura (Nigeria), Raphia (Cameroon), Palma Aceitera (Spanish), Kelapa Sawit (Indonesia)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elaeis guineensis is a tall, single-stemmed palm tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a smooth, grayish-brown trunk and a crown of large, pinnate leaves. The leaves are arranged spirally and can reach lengths of up to 5 meters. Each leaf is composed of numerous leaflets that are dark green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface. Elaeis guineensis produces small, yellowish flowers that are borne on branched inflorescences. The flowers are followed by oval-shaped fruits, about the size of a plum, which turn from green to orange or red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruit of Elaeis guineensis, commonly known as the oil palm fruit, is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Edible Oil Production: The oil palm fruit is a rich source of edible oil, known as palm oil. Palm oil is widely used in cooking, food processing, and the production of various consumer products, such as margarine, confectionery, and cosmetics.

2. Industrial Applications: Palm oil is also utilized in various industrial sectors, including biodiesel production, soap manufacturing, and oleochemical industries. It serves as a versatile ingredient in the production of lubricants, candles, detergents, and personal care products.

3. By-Products: Several by-products of the oil palm industry have economic uses. The fibrous mesocarp of the fruit, known as palm kernel fiber, is used in the production of mattresses, ropes, and mats. The palm kernel itself is a source of palm kernel oil, which is used in cooking and as a raw material in the production of soaps and cosmetics.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elaeis guineensis is native to West Africa and is widely cultivated in tropical regions across the globe. It is extensively grown in countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Colombia. These regions provide favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of oil palm.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Elaeis guineensis appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The cultivation of Elaeis guineensis, particularly for palm oil production, has significant environmental implications. Large-scale plantations often involve deforestation and land conversion, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline. Additionally, the drainage of peatlands for oil palm cultivation can result in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable practices and certifications are being implemented to mitigate these environmental impacts.

FUN FACT: Elaeis guineensis is one of the most efficient oil-bearing crops, producing higher oil yields per unit of land compared to other oil crops. This efficiency has contributed to its widespread cultivation and economic importance in the palm oil industry.

Further Reading:

• "Palm Oil and the Environment: A Case Study of Malaysia" by W. M. Chan et al.

• "The Oil Palm" edited by R. H. V. Corley and P. B. H. Tinker

Ekebergia capensis

NAME: Ekebergia capensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Cape Ash, Dogplum, Essenhout

LOCAL NAMES: Witessenhout (South Africa), Mlungumeli (Swaziland), Muhimbi (Zimbabwe), Mutondo (Malawi)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia capensis is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured as the tree matures. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are oblong, glossy green, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia capensis produces small, fragrant, cream-colored flowers that are arranged in clusters. The tree bears small, spherical fruits that turn from green to yellow as they ripen.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ekebergia capensis are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia capensis is valued for its timber, which is commonly known as Cape Ash. The wood is durable, termite-resistant, and has a light brown to reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and musical instruments.

2. Medicinal Applications: The bark and leaves of Ekebergia capensis have traditional medicinal uses in different African cultures. They are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The bark is also employed as a toothbrush substitute.

3. Cultural Significance: Ekebergia capensis holds cultural importance in various African communities. It is often associated with ancestral beliefs and is used in rituals, ceremonies, and traditional practices.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia capensis is native to southern Africa and can be found in countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland, and Mozambique. It typically occurs in various habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and riverine forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia capensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia capensis provides important ecological benefits in its native range. The tree offers shade, habitat, and food sources for various animal species, including birds and insects. It contributes to biodiversity and plays a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.

FUN FACT: In South Africa, Ekebergia capensis is known as "Essenhout," which translates to "Ash Wood." This name is derived from the fact that the wood of the tree resembles that of true ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in color and texture, although they are not closely related.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia capensis: A Valuable Tree Species of Southern Africa" by J. H. Coetzee

Ekebergia senegalensis

NAME: Ekebergia senegalensis

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Senegal Mahogany, African Mahogany, Nargustan

LOCAL NAMES: Akomfem (Ghana), Irosun (Nigeria), Azim (Senegal), Mvule (Uganda)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 25 meters. It has a straight trunk with a grayish-brown bark that becomes rough and fissured with age. The leaves are compound, alternate, and pinnate, consisting of several leaflets arranged along a central axis. The leaflets are dark green, elliptical in shape, and have serrated margins. Ekebergia senegalensis produces small, fragrant white flowers that are arranged in panicles. The tree bears oval-shaped fruits that contain a single seed.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds of Ekebergia senegalensis have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Ekebergia senegalensis is highly valued for its timber, which is often referred to as African Mahogany. The wood is durable, resistant to rot and insect attacks, and has a beautiful reddish-brown color. It is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and other high-quality wooden products.

2. Medicinal Applications: Different parts of Ekebergia senegalensis have traditional medicinal uses in various African countries. The bark and leaves are used in remedies for fever, malaria, stomach ailments, and skin conditions. The seeds are employed in treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.

3. Cultural and Ritual Purposes: In some African cultures, Ekebergia senegalensis is regarded as a sacred tree and plays a significant role in rituals and ceremonies. It is often associated with spiritual and protective qualities.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ekebergia senegalensis is native to sub-Saharan Africa and can be found in countries such as Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It thrives in diverse habitats, including savannahs, woodlands, and gallery forests.

WHY IS IT GREEN? The green color of Ekebergia senegalensis, like all plants, is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ekebergia senegalensis is considered a valuable tree species with positive environmental impacts. It provides shade and habitat for various wildlife species, including birds and insects. The tree also contributes to soil fertility through leaf litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.

FUN FACT: In some African folklore, Ekebergia senegalensis is associated with mystical powers and is believed to have the ability to ward off evil spirits. Its wood is sometimes used to carve protective talismans and amulets.

Further Reading:

• "Ekebergia senegalensis: A Valuable Timber Species of the Sudanian Savanna" by S. J. Siebert

Eichhornia crassipes

NAME: Eichhornia crassipesc

FAMILY: Pontederiaceae

COMMON NAMES: Water Hyacinth, Floating Water Hyacinth, Common Water Hyacinth

LOCAL NAMES: Makhana (India), Kangkung Air (Indonesia), Jacinto de Agua (Spanish), La Renoncule d'eau (French)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eichhornia crassipes is a free-floating aquatic plant with thick, spongy stems and large, rounded, glossy green leaves. The leaves are arranged in a rosette pattern and have a prominent central vein. The plant produces showy, lavender to blue-violet flowers that are borne on a spike-like inflorescence. The flowers have six petals, with the uppermost petal adorned with a yellow spot. Eichhornia crassipes has a root system composed of long, feathery roots that dangle beneath the water's surface.

USEFUL PART(s): The whole plant, including the leaves, stems, roots, and flowers of Eichhornia crassipes, can have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Eichhornia crassipes is cultivated as an ornamental plant in water gardens and ponds due to its attractive flowers and foliage.

2. Phytoremediation: Despite being considered an invasive species in many regions, Eichhornia crassipes has been utilized for its phytoremediation properties. It has the ability to absorb excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from water bodies, helping to improve water quality and combat eutrophication.

3. Livestock Feed: In some areas, Eichhornia crassipes is used as fodder for livestock, particularly cattle and pigs. The plant is harvested, dried, and then incorporated into animal feed as a source of nutrition.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eichhornia crassipes is native to South America but has become widely distributed throughout the world due to its invasive nature. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. The plant thrives in freshwater habitats such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and marshes.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eichhornia crassipes appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and plays a vital role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, chlorophyll captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, facilitating the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eichhornia crassipes can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. While it is appreciated for its phytoremediation abilities, the plant can also be highly invasive and form dense mats on the surface of water bodies. These mats can block sunlight, deplete oxygen levels, and hinder the growth of native aquatic plants, disrupting ecosystems and impacting biodiversity.

FUN FACT: The flowers of Eichhornia crassipes are not only visually striking but also have an interesting adaptation. The flower spike contains specialized air-filled cells that allow the inflorescence to float on the water's surface, enhancing its pollination potential.

Further Reading:

• "Eichhornia crassipes: An invasive plant in the United States" by G. Gopal

Ehretia cymosa

NAME: Ehretia cymosa

FAMILY: Boraginaceae

COMMON NAMES: Koda Tree, Puzzlebark, Carribean Raintree

LOCAL NAMES: Ajoé (Dominican Republic), Hierba del Espino (Mexico), Cocoon Bush (Jamaica), Canistel (Bahamas)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ehretia cymosa is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 12 meters. It has a rounded crown and dense foliage. The bark of the tree is grayish-brown and exhibits a distinct puzzle-like pattern, hence the common name "Puzzlebark." The leaves are simple, arranged alternately, and have an elliptical shape with a smooth margin. They are dark green and glossy on the upper surface, while the underside is lighter in color. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are followed by round, orange to red fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Ehretia cymosa are utilized for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: In traditional medicine, the bark and leaves of Ehretia cymosa are used to treat various ailments. The bark is believed to possess antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties and is used to alleviate fever, pain, and inflammation. The leaves are used in remedies for respiratory disorders and gastrointestinal issues.

2. Timber: The wood of Ehretia cymosa is valued for its durability and strength. It is used in carpentry, construction, and the production of furniture and handicrafts.

3. Ornamental Plant: Due to its attractive foliage, Ehretia cymosa is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ehretia cymosa is native to various countries in the Caribbean, including the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. It is also found in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. The tree prefers tropical and subtropical climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Ehretia cymosa appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for capturing light energy from the sun and using it in the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and utilizes this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ehretia cymosa can have a positive impact on the environment as it provides habitat and food for various bird species and pollinators. The tree also contributes to soil stabilization and erosion control.

FUN FACT: The bark of Ehretia cymosa is not only visually intriguing with its puzzle-like pattern but also has a unique characteristic. When the bark is peeled, it emits a distinctive garlic-like odor, which has earned it the local name "Ajoé" in the Dominican Republic.

Further Reading:

• "A morphological study of Ehretia cymosa Ruiz et Pavón (Boraginaceae) using scanning electron microscopy" by M. R. M. Bizzo

Eclipta prostrata

NAME: Eclipta prostrata

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: False Daisy, Yerba de Tago, Bhringraj

LOCAL NAMES: Karisalankanni (Tamil), Bhringaraj (Hindi), Maka Botol (Malay), Han Lian Cao (Chinese), Kesharaja (Sanskrit)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eclipta prostrata is a small annual herb that typically grows in moist, sunny areas. It has a prostrate or spreading habit and can reach a height of up to 50 centimeters. The plant features numerous small, white or yellowish flowers with a central disk surrounded by ray florets. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and have a smooth texture. Eclipta prostrata produces small, black, achene-like fruits.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves, stems, and roots of Eclipta prostrata are commonly used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Eclipta prostrata has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. It is believed to have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The plant is used to treat liver disorders, hair loss, skin diseases, respiratory issues, and promote overall well-being.

2. Hair Care: The extract or oil derived from Eclipta prostrata, known as Bhringraj oil, is widely used in hair care products. It is believed to nourish the scalp, strengthen hair follicles, and promote hair growth. Bhringraj oil is used in various hair treatments, including hair oils, shampoos, and conditioners.

3. Culinary Uses: In some regions, the leaves of Eclipta prostrata are used as a culinary ingredient. They are added to salads, stir-fries, and herbal teas for their nutritional value.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eclipta prostrata is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, China, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. It is also found in some parts of Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Due to its wide distribution, it is considered a cosmopolitan weed in many regions.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Eclipta prostrata appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun, particularly in the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and uses this energy to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eclipta prostrata can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. On the positive side, it serves as a food source for various insects and birds. It also helps prevent soil erosion due to its spreading habit and extensive root system.

However, Eclipta prostrata can also become an invasive weed in certain areas, particularly in agricultural fields and disturbed habitats. Its rapid growth and ability to produce a large number of seeds can result in the displacement of native plant species and reduce crop yields.

FUN FACT: In traditional Indian medicine, Eclipta prostrata is considered an important herb for promoting hair health. The name "Bhringraj" in Hindi translates to "King of Hair," highlighting its significance in hair care remedies.

Further Reading:

• "Eclipta prostrata: Its Biological Properties and Traditional Uses in Ayurveda" by R. S. Chaudhary

Echinacea purpurea

NAME: Echinacea purpurea

FAMILY: Asteraceae (Aster family)

COMMON NAMES: Purple Coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower

LOCAL NAMES: The local names may vary depending on the region and language.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Echinacea purpurea is a herbaceous perennial plant with a robust, upright stem. It has lance-shaped leaves with a rough texture and hairy surface. The plant produces large, showy, daisy-like flowers with purple or pink petals and a prominent cone-shaped center.

USEFUL PART(s): The useful parts of Echinacea purpurea are primarily the roots and the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal purposes: Echinacea purpurea is widely used in traditional herbal medicine. The roots and aerial parts of the plant are believed to possess immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties and are used in various herbal remedies, particularly for supporting the immune system and promoting overall wellness.

2. Ornamental plant: The attractive flowers of Echinacea purpurea make it a popular choice for gardens and landscaping. It adds color and visual interest to flower beds and attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Echinacea purpurea is native to eastern North America. It is found in a wide range of habitats, including prairies, meadows, and open woodlands. Due to its popularity as an ornamental plant and its medicinal value, it is also cultivated in other regions around the world.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Echinacea purpurea is green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment responsible for absorbing sunlight during photosynthesis, enabling plants to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy-rich organic compounds.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Echinacea purpurea has a positive environmental impact as it attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies, which play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining biodiversity. It also contributes to the overall beauty and aesthetics of natural habitats and cultivated landscapes.

FUN FACT: The name "Echinacea" is derived from the Greek word "echinos," which means "hedgehog" or "sea urchin," referring to the spiky cone-shaped center of the flower. Additionally, Echinacea purpurea has a long history of use by Native American tribes for various medicinal purposes.

Further Reading:

• "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench" from the Missouri Botanical Garden

• "Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)" from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service

Dicoma sessiliflora

NAME: Dicoma sessiliflora

FAMILY NAME: Compositae

COMMON NAMES: Dicoma

LOCAL NAMES: Doda

MORPHOLOGY: A perennial herb with pithy stems from a few inches to 4 ft. high from a woody stock. Florets yellowish in heads 1-1/2 in. long. The leaves often tinged wine-red. A slender, erect perennial herb, to c. 1 m. tall from a small woody rootstock; roots numerous, thong-like. Stems annual, usually solitary, simple, leafy with the largest leaves somewhat clustered on the lower stem, closely appressed white araneose-lanate to glabrescent.

PART(S):  Whole plant

GENERAL USES: Medicinal use

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zimbabwe, Ghana

WHY IS IT GREEN: Antipyretic, aphrodisiac, cough, stomach ache

FURTHER READING:

WFO (2022): Dicoma sessiliflora Harv. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000083214. Accessed on: 24 Jan 2022

Digitaria horizontalis

NAME: Digitaria horizontalis

FAMILY: Poaceae (Grass family)

COMMON NAMES: Creeping crabgrass, Summer grass

LOCAL NAMES: Shama grass (India), Tokouso (West Africa)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Digitaria horizontalis, commonly known as creeping crabgrass, is a warm-season annual grass that spreads by creeping stolons. It typically grows in dense mats with wiry, thin stems that can reach up to 50 centimeters in height. The leaves are slender, linear, and arranged alternately along the stem. The inflorescence consists of numerous tiny spikelets arranged in branched, digitate clusters. The spikelets contain small, grain-like seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The entire plant, including the leaves, stems, and seeds, can have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Forage: Digitaria horizontalis is often used as forage for livestock due to its high nutritional content. It provides a valuable source of food for grazing animals.

2. Erosion control: The dense mat-like growth of creeping crabgrass helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion in areas with disturbed or bare soil.

3. Lawn grass: In some regions, creeping crabgrass is cultivated as a lawn grass due to its ability to tolerate heat and drought conditions.

4. Medicinal uses: In traditional medicine, some cultures use Digitaria horizontalis for its purported medicinal properties, such as in the treatment of digestive disorders and skin ailments.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Digitaria horizontalis is native to tropical and subtropical regions, and it has a wide distribution across different continents. It can be found in parts of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Australia. It thrives in warm and humid environments, often growing in disturbed areas, cultivated fields, lawns, and along roadsides.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Digitaria horizontalis appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy to fuel their growth. Chlorophyll molecules absorb light from the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and reflect green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

1. Invasive potential: Digitaria horizontalis can sometimes become invasive, spreading rapidly and outcompeting native plant species. It can colonize disturbed areas, agricultural fields, and gardens, reducing biodiversity and affecting ecosystem dynamics.

2. Weed pressure: Creeping crabgrass can be a problematic weed in lawns and agricultural fields, as it competes with desired plants for resources such as nutrients, water, and sunlight.

3. Erosion control: On the positive side, Digitaria horizontalis can contribute to erosion control by stabilizing soil with its dense mat-like growth, particularly in areas prone to soil erosion.

FUN FACT:

Digitaria horizontalis is known as "crabgrass" due to its habit of growing low to the ground and spreading horizontally, resembling the creeping movement of crabs. Despite its reputation as a weed, creeping crabgrass has adapted to survive in diverse environments and has found useful applications in different cultures around the world.

FURTHER READING:

1. "Weeds of North America" by Richard Dickinson and France Royer - This comprehensive guide provides information on various weeds, including Digitaria horizontalis, and their identification, ecology, and control.

2. "Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems" by Quentin C.B. Cronk and Janice L. Fuller - This book explores the impacts of invasive plant species on natural ecosystems, including the ecological implications of Digitaria horizontalis.

3. "Grasses: Versatile Partners for Uncommon Garden Design" by Nancy J. Ondra and Saxon Holt - Although not specifically focused on Digitaria horizontalis, this book provides valuable insights into the world of ornamental grasses, including their selection, cultivation, and design uses.

4. Research articles: You can search for scientific articles on Digitaria horizontalis in online databases such as Google Scholar or PubMed. Topics to explore can include its ecological impacts, physiological adaptations, genetic diversity, or ethnobotanical uses.

Dichrostachys cinerea

NAME: Dichrostachys cinerea

FAMILY NAME: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: West African sickle bush, Princess's earrings, Chinese lantern tree, Kalahari Christmas tree, Bell mimosa

LOCAL NAMES: Kara, Ajagboluti, Ami ogwu, Dundu

MORPHOLOGY: They typically grow up to 7 metres (23 ft) in height and have strong alternate thorns, generally up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long. The bipinnately compound leaves are up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long. Flowers of the Dichrostachys cinerea are characteristically in bicoloured cylindrical spikes that resemble Chinese lanterns and are 6 to 8 centimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in) long and fragrant. ­­Upper flowers of a hanging spike are sterile, and are of a lilac or pale purple. Pods are usually a mustard brown and are generally twisted or spiralled and may be up to 100 by 15 millimetres (3.94 in × 0.59 in). The species can be subcategorized with two slight variations that have been recognised: D. cinerea ssp. africana and D. cinerea ssp. nyassana, the latter which is typically larger and less hairy in its foliage.

PART(S):  Bark, root, latex

GENERAL USES: Planted to serve as live fencing and as a fodder. The roots are used as a local anaesthetic for ailments such as snake bites, scorpion stings and toothache

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, India, Indonesia and Australia

WHY IS IT GREEN: Treat dysentery, headaches, toothaches, elephantiasis, leprosy, syphilis coughs, Fever, stomach ache, toothache, diuretic, astringent, anthelmintics, scald,

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The leaves, rich in nutrients, are frequently used as a green manure. The sickle bush can be planted in the garden to show off the beautiful pink and yellow lantern flowers during early summer and the interesting branching pattern during winter. D. cinerea fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

It is also used in soil improvement, revegetation, land reclamation, soil conservation, erosion control, hedging and live fencing. It has been used for the stabilization of sand dunes and in soil conservation.

FUN FACT: The roots are used as a local anaesthetic for ailments such as snake bites, scorpion stings and toothache

FURTHER READING:

http://pza.sanbi.org/dichrostachys-cinerea

http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=675

Fournet J, 2004. Dichrostachys cinerea. Global Invasive Species Database. New Zealand: University of Auckland. http://issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz/database/species/ecology.asp?si=161&fr=1&sts=sss.

Hernández G, 2002. Invasive bush in Cuba: the case of marabú. Invasives in Mesoamerica and the Carribean, Costa Rica: IUCN. http://www.iucn.org/places/orma/publica_gnl/especies.pdf.

Dialium guineense

NAME: Dialium guineense

FAMILY NAME: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Black tamarind, Tumble tree, Black velvet, Sierra Leone tamarind, Velvet tamarind

 LOCAL NAMES: Awin, Icheku, Tsamiyar kurmi

MORPHOLOGY: Velvet tamarind is an evergreen shrub or a tall, tropical, fruit-bearing tree with a densely leafy, compact crown; it can grow up to 30 metres tall but is often smaller and shrubby. The often short bole can be up to 80cm in diameter and is free of buttresses but has narrow, thin, butt flares. It has small, typically grape-sized, edible fruits with brown, hard, inedible shells.

PART(S):  Leaves, fruit, bark, twigs

GENERAL USES: Food and Medicinal

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome et Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo

WHY IS IT GREEN: Fever, coughs, bronchitis, toothache, astringent, diuretic

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The tree is used as natural fallow species for fertility restoration. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen

FURTHER READING:

ressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Dialium guineense". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Dialium+guineense

https://web.archive.org/web/20131114014409/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=673

Desmodium gangeticum

NAME: Desmodium gangeticum

FAMILY NAME: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Shalparni

LOCAL NAMES: Ewe-emo

MORPHOLOGY: Salparni is a sub-erect, diffusely branched undershrub, up to 120-cm tall. Stem is short and woody at base. Leaves are unifoliate, ovate to ovatelanceolate, membranous, and mottled with grey patches and up to 15cm in length. Flowers are purple/white in colour. Pods are thin, flat, curve carrying 6-8 nodes and also bear the hair like structure on them

PART(S):  Leaf, root, Whole plant

GENERAL USES: Medicinal

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tropical Africa, E. Asia - China, Japan, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia

WHY IS IT GREEN: Astringent, urinary disorder, fever, chest infection, anthelmintic, treat kidney problems, oedema, swellings, chronic fever, coughs, biliousness, diarrhoea and dysentery; or as a sedative for children

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Serves as green manure, weed-controlling ground cover[,cover crop for rubber plantations and for erosion control

FUN FACT: it has a sweet, bitter taste. The sexual reproductive system is hermaphroditic

FURTHER READING:

Ken Fern. Tropical Plants Database. tropical.theferns.info. 2022-01-24. tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Desmodium+gangeticum

https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/shalparni-desmodium-gangeticum/

https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/desmodium-gangeticum/

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/desmodium_gangeticum.htm

https://senthuherbals.blogspot.com/2015/01/pullati-desmodium-gangeticum-sal-leaved.html

Khare, C.P. (2007), "Desmodium gangeticum DC.", Indian Medicinal Plants, New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 1, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_486, ISBN 978-0-387-70637-5, retrieved 2020-12-12

Desmodium adscendens

NAME: Desmodium adscendens 

FAMILY NAME: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Desmodium, Strong Back Herb

LOCAL NAMES: Epa-ile, aberodefe, Nbasioku

MORPHOLOGY: Desmodium adscendens is a herbaceous perennial plant with creeping to erect stems that are often much-branched from the base and can become somewhat woody. The stems sometimes root at their lower nodes. The plant can grow up to 100cm tall

PART(S):  Leaves, whole plant

GENERAL USES: medicinal 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Peru, Jamaica, Central America and West Africa

WHY IS IT GREEN: Constipation, convulsions, gonorrhoea, viginal discharge, urinary tract cleanser, dysentery. Diarrhea, syphilis, bronchial asthma, sperm count enhancer, malaria,  relieve back pain and neck pain

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria; these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen

The plant is often used as a cover crop and a green manure in various plantations

FURTHER READING:

OSBOURNE QUAYE (1998), BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY OF DESMODIUM ADSCENDENS. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh

Dennettia tripetala

NAME: Dennettia tripetala    

FAMILY NAME: Annonaceae

COMMON NAMES: Pepperfruit

LOCAL NAMES: Igbere, Nmimi

MORPHOLOGY: D. tripetalais a small woody shrub with a height of about 12-18 m. The wood is soft, white in colour and liable to termite attack. It has a fibrous bark which has a very strong characteristic scent. The leaves are 3 – 6 inches long by 1.5–2.5 inches broad, elliptic in shape, shortly acuminate and broadly connate to round at the base. The plant usually produces fruits between March and May (12). The outside of the flower is light brown while the inside is red and the flower is usually in small clusters on the young or older wood. The fruit appear green when unripe and red when ripe. There is a finger-like carpel constriction between the seeds. The young leaves and fruit when ripe has a peppery and spicy taste when chewed

PART(S): Leaves, Fruits, Seed, Root, Bark, Stem, whole plant

GENERAL USES: The fruits and leaves are commonly used as a spices or seasonings

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon

WHY IS IT GREEN: Treatment of fever, cough, asthma, catarrh, toothache, diarrhea and rheumatism and serves as Insect repellant, stimulant

FURTHER READING:

Ihemeje A, Ojinnaka MC, Obi KC,Ekwe CC. Biochemical Evaluation of Pepper fruit (Dennettia tripetala) and its use as Substitute for Ginger in Zobo Drink Production. Academic Research International. 2013; 4(6):513–521.

Anaga AO,Asuzu IU. Antihyperglycaemic Properties of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Dennettia tripetala in Diabetic Rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2010; 7: 1553-3840.

D. Muhammed  Y. H. Adebiyi, B. O. Odey and et al., Dennettia tripetala (Pepper Fruit), a review of its ethno-medicinal use, phyto[1]constituents, and biological propertie. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2021, 06(03), 035–043

Mordi, J.C., Ichipi-Ifukor, P.C., Kweki, G.R. et al. Preliminary toxicology profile of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper Fruit) methanolic leaves extract. Clin Phytosci 7, 61 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-021-00298-w

Delonix regia

NAME: Delonix regia

FAMILY NAME: Leguminosae

COMMON NAMES: Flame of the forest, Red Flame, Phoenix tree, Royal Poinciana, Flame Tree, Poinciana, Flamboyant Tree

LOCAL NAMES: Seke seke, ayin.

MORPHOLOGY: Delonix regia is a conspicuous, fast growing almost evergreen legume tree that can be 10-30 m in height and is shallow-rooted. Tree can shed its leaves in areas with a marked dry season. The bole is sometimes relatively short. The trunk may reach 2 m in girth and it can be buttressed towards the base. The bark is smooth, sometimes slightly cracked, with lenticels. The crown is umbrella-shaped, broadly spreading its long horizontal branches. The overall tree is thus larger in diameter than in height. The twigs are stout, greenish, finely hairy when young becoming brown. The leaves are bipinnate, alternate, feathery, 20-60 cm long, bearing 10-25 pairs of pinnae, each with 30-60 opposite leaflets. The leaflets are 0.5-1 cm long, stalkless, minutely hairy on both sides. The inflorescences are slightly fragrant corymbs borne laterally at the end of the twigs. The inflorescence bears large (5-13 cm), magnificent flowers, orange-red in colour, loosely arranged on 5-7.5 cm long stalks. The 4 clawed-petals are spoon-like in shape and the 5 sepals are thick, green in color, finely hairy. The fruit is a 30-75 cm long pod, It is green and flaccid when young, turning to brown and woody at maturity. The pods remain on the tree after it has shed its leaves. The 30-45 seeds contained in the pods are hard, greyish, mottled, oblong in shape, looking like date pits. They are hardcoated. The taxon name Delonix regia is after the greek "delos" meaning visible and "onyx" meaning claw and the latin "regia" meaning royal, magnificent. Most of the common names for Delonix regia (see Common names) are derived from the colour of its flowers

PART(S): Leaves, bark, seeds, flowers

GENERAL USES: It is an outstanding flowering tree for gardens, parks, along streets, and for large front yards. Mature trees provide excellent shade

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Madagascar, Isreal, USA, Mauritus, Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Cyprus, Spain Lebenon, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, China, Australia, Taiwan

WHY IS IT GREEN: Diuretic, anthelmintics, astringent, leucorrhoea

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The leaves and flowers have been reported to have herbicide effects on Mikania micrantha, an invasive climber. The wood ash of Delonix regia could significantly reduce several fungi and insects.

It serves as shade tree, Delonix regia is helpful in maintaining soil moisture and reducing soil temperature. Flamboyants have been planted on eroded sites for erosion control, and for soil rehabilitation

The flamboyant is a N-fixing legume that can improve soil N status. Leaf and green stem prunings applied to a calcareous soil for 5 years resulted in improvement of 13% in N and higher organic C and mineralization

FUN FACT: The tree has been known to collapse without warning.

There is a popular belief among Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala that when Jesus was crucified, there was a small royal poinciana tree nearby his Cross. It is believed that the blood of Jesus Christ was shed over the flowers of the tree and this is how the flowers of royal poinciana got a sharp red color.

FURTHER READING:

Heuzé V., Tran G., Lebas F., 2020. Flamboyant (Delonix regia). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/308 Last updated on October 30, 2020, 18:10

Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Delonix regia". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

Rivers, M. (2014). "Delonix regia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T32947A2828337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T32947A2828337.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

Deinbollia pinnata

NAME: Deinbollia pinnata 

FAMILY NAME: Sapindaceae

COMMON NAMES: Water willow

LOCAL NAMES: Ogiri-egba, Ekusi-Oloko

MORPHOLOGY: A small tree with strong, woody, glabrous or slightly grey-downy branches. Petiole 2–3 in. long; leaflets in 5–6 short-stalked pairs 1–2 in. apart, oblong, 3–4 in. long, half as broad, the point acute, the base a little rounded, the edge quite entire; texture coriaceous, colour pale green, both sides glabrous or the lower a little silvery with the veins and veinlets in relief. USEFUL PART(S): Leaves, root

GENERAL USES: For food and medicine

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

WHY IS IT GREEN: Cough, bronchial asthma, aphrodisiac, genital stimulants/depressants

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The plant serves as brushwood fuel in Ghana

FUN FACT: The fruit use in superstition and magic

FURTHER READING:

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Govaerts, R. (2000). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS D: 1-30141.

 The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.

Datura stramonium

NAME: Datura stramonium

FAMILY NAME: Solanaceae

COMMON NAMES: Stink weed, thorn apple, devil's trumpet, jimson-weed, devil's snare

LOCAL NAMES: Apikan, ododo-omode, zakami suturamai rawiya, Myaramuo

MORPHOLOGY: Datura stramonium is an erect, annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 60 to 150 cm (2 to 5 ft) tall. The root is long, thick, fibrous, and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green to reddish purple in color. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower. The leaves are about 8 to 20 cm (3–8 in) long, smooth, toothed, soft, and irregularly undulated. The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green. The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves have been dried.

USEFUL PART(S): Leaves, seeds, root

GENERAL USES: employed in traditional/modern medicine to treat a variety of ailments

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, New Zealand, Asia, Africa, Europe

WHY IS IT GREEN: Asthma, cough, astringent, aphrodisiac, mental disorders, gonorrhoea, lumbago, neuralgic, insomnia, anodyne, sedative, antispasmodic

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:  The extracts could serve as botanical pesticides. It also serve as Host of pest

FUN FACT: Ornament and accidentally as a contaminant.

Competes aggressively with native plants and crops

FURTHER READING:

Priyanka S., Anees A. S., Jaya D., and Vishal S., 2012, Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree: An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60014-3

Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh SK, Pradeep AS. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. 2012;4(1):25–27.

Khandare KR, Salve SB. Management of wilt of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) through biopesticide (leaf extracts) Int Refer Res J. 2011;2(18):21–22. 

Bouzidi A, Mahdeb N, Kara N. Toxicity studies of alkaloids of seeds of Datura stramonium and synthesis alkaloids in male rats. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(15):3421–3431. 

Oviedo Prieto R, Herrera Oliver P, Caluff MG, et al. , 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96

Macharia, I., Backhouse, D., Wu, S. B., Ateka, E. M., 2016. Weed species in tomato production and their role as alternate hosts of Tomato spotted wilt virus and its vector Frankliniella occidentalis. Annals of Applied Biology, 169(2), 224-235. doi: 10.1111/aab.12297

Ðikić M, Suljić N, Sarajlić N, Gadžo D, 2017. Distribution of jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) in the city of Sarajevo. Radovi Poljoprivrednog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu\Works of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Sarajevo. 62 (67(2)), 279-286.

Gharabadiyan F, Jamali S, Yazdi AA, Hadizadeh MH, Eskandari A, 2012. Weed hosts of root-knot nematodes in tomato fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52(2):230-234. http://versita.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=428087616X360N23

Witt A, Beale T, Wilgen B W van, 2018. An assessment of the distribution and potential ecological impacts of invasive alien plant species in eastern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 73 (3), 217-236. DOI:10.1080/0035919X.2018.1529003

Fuhlbohm, M. J., Ryley, M. J., Aitken, E. A. B., 2012. New weed hosts of Macrophomina phaseolina in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 7(1), 193-195. doi: 10.1007/s13314-012-0082-6

Witt A, Luke Q, 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa. [ed. by Witt A, Luke Q]. Wallingford, UK: CABI. vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 DOI:10.1079/9781786392145.0000