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Global Climate Agreements and National Commitments: A Comparative Analysis of Adherence to the Paris Agreement

Rejina K.C.
Green Fellow 2024

Once upon a time, in a world grappling with an escalating climate crisis, countries around the globe came together with a common goal: to prevent the global temperature from rising more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels—and ideally, to limit it to 1.5°C. This ambitious target, the result of years of negotiation, culminated in the Paris Agreement of 2015—a landmark accord and a beacon of hope in the fight against climate change.

Key Pillars of the Paris Agreement

Unlike previous climate accords, the Paris Agreement adopted a bottom-up approach through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Instead of binding top-down regulations, it empowered countries to set their own climate goals based on national circumstances. While the agreement lacks strict enforcement mechanisms, it relies on transparency, periodic review, and global cooperation to drive progress.

The agreement acknowledges the critical role of major emitters while recognizing the unique challenges faced by developing nations. It aims to address mitigation, adaptation, climate finance, and regular updates of NDCs every five years. Since its inception, various national policies—like the European Green Deal and China’s carbon neutrality pledge—have emerged in response.

Let’s explore how some countries are faring in their commitments:

Country Highlights: Progress and Challenges

European Union

  • Commitment: 55% emissions reduction by 2030, net-zero emissions by 2050.

  • Progress: Currently at around 24% reduction.

  • Challenges: Internal disagreements, e.g., Poland’s reliance on coal, slow down unified action. However, coordinated efforts are ongoing to meet targets.

China

  • Commitment: Peak emissions by 2030, carbon neutrality by 2060.

  • Progress: Leading in solar and wind energy investment.

  • Challenges: Persistent coal dependency undermines its climate goals.

Indonesia

  • Commitment: 29% emissions reduction by 2030 (41% with international support).

  • Progress: Forest conservation and renewable initiatives underway.

  • Challenges: Deforestation remains a serious concern, making progress uneven.

United Kingdom

  • Commitment: 68% emissions reduction by 2030, net-zero by 2050.

  • Progress: On a clear pathway, with substantial reductions achieved.

  • Challenges: Political consistency and energy pricing are ongoing concerns.

United States

  • Commitment: Varied due to policy changes.

  • Progress: Rejoined the Paris Agreement under the Biden administration.

  • Challenges: Withdrawal under President Trump caused setbacks and global uncertainty about U.S. leadership on climate.

Nepal

  • Commitment: 20% GHG emissions reduction by 2030 (up to 40% with support).

  • Progress: Strong emphasis on adaptation, given its limited industrial emissions.

  • Challenges: Equitable access to climate finance and its efficient mobilization remain key issues.

Tracking Progress: Tools and Accountability

Organizations like the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) evaluate countries based on their NDCs and actual policy implementation. CAT rates progress from “Critically Insufficient” to “1.5°C Compatible.” Although no country is currently on track for the 1.5°C goal, some developing countries—including Nepal, Morocco, Nigeria, Chile, Ethiopia, and Norway—are categorized as “Almost Sufficient.”

However, CAT has its limitations:

  • Only tracks 34 countries and the EU, though this represents 85% of global emissions.

  • Faces challenges around data availability and political sensitivities.

Major Challenges Undermining the Paris Agreement

Unmet Climate Finance Promises

The long-standing pledge of $100 billion per year in support for developing nations remains unfulfilled, stalling mitigation and adaptation efforts where they are needed most.

The Road to 3°C

Despite the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C ambition, the world is currently on a path toward 3°C warming. This dangerous gap between pledges and action threatens ecosystems and human security.

Lack of Accountability

While the Paris Agreement is inclusive and flexible, enforcement mechanisms are weak. The largest emitters often avoid accountability, leaving vulnerable nations to face disproportionate impacts.

The Elusive Reality of Climate Justice

Developed countries, responsible for the bulk of historical emissions, have yet to fully acknowledge their moral and financial responsibility. Meanwhile, developing nations in the Global South bear the brunt of climate impacts with limited resources.

Charting the Future: A Call to Collective Action

Imagine the world as a massive ship adrift in turbulent waters. Our destination is unclear, the storm is intensifying, and the leaders steering this vessel—our nations—are moving too slowly. Yet, we still have time to correct our course.

The Paris Agreement provides the map, but it is our collective will and action that will determine the outcome. Achieving climate justice and meeting the NDCs demands:

  • Urgency and ambition from world leaders.

  • Accountability for emissions and pledges.

  • Climate finance that actually reaches those who need it.

  • Active participation from individuals, businesses, and civil society.

As individuals, we are not powerless. Whether by reducing our carbon footprint, supporting green innovations, or demanding stronger policies, we all have a role to play.

The planet doesn’t belong to governments or corporations alone—it belongs to all of us. Our choices today will shape the world our children inherit tomorrow.

Sources

GREEN FELLOW SPOTLIGHT: Jyotshana Bhattarai from Nepal leading an environmental awareness for a more sustainable future

"Planting trees is more than an act of conservation; it's a commitment to a healthier planet and future generations." – Jyotshana Bhattarai (Green Fellow, 2024)

Green Fellow Jyotshana Bhattarai from Nepal, led a dynamic environmental outreach program, bringing hands-on sustainability education to schools, temples, and community centers. Through tree-planting initiatives, interactive discussions, and practical engagement, she encouraged communities to take active roles in environmental conservation.

Engaging Schools and Communities

At Nexus International Academy in Kathmandu, Jyotshana facilitated an interactive session for teachers, students, and staff, highlighting the importance of tree planting. The session concluded with a hands-on tree-planting activity, reinforcing the message of sustainability through direct action.

Similarly, a local temple became a hub for environmental awareness. The volunteers participated in cleaning drive, ensuring the temple grounds remained green and well-maintained. The event’s impact was amplified as photos and videos were shared across various media platforms.

At the Child Correction Home in Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Jyotshana led an initiative to educate children about environmental stewardship. Through tree planting and discussions on ecosystem health, she inspired young minds to take ownership of their surroundings and embrace sustainability.

Impact and Reception

The outreach program deepened environmental awareness within the communities. Many participants committed to adopting sustainable habits in their daily lives. Schools praised the initiative for fostering environmental responsibility among students, while temple officials noted the improvement in their surroundings. The Child Correction Home valued the program’s educational impact on the children.

GREEN FELLOW SPOTLIGHT: Spreading the #OfficiallyGreen message through sustainability outreach in Bujumbura, Burundi

Leda-Bella Nkundamahoro, a committed Green Fellow, led an inspiring community outreach in Burundi as part of the Green Institute Fellows Program. Her efforts to spread the #OfficiallyGreen message took her to three distinct locations: a school, a religious organization, and a community center. Through engaging discussions and interactive activities, she encouraged participants to embrace sustainable practices and take meaningful action toward a greener future.

At Ecole Normale Superieur du Burundi (ENS), Leda-Bella introduced university students to the seven Officially Green Pledges, emphasizing the importance of waste reduction, energy conservation, and mindful consumption. The students actively participated in discussions and pledged their commitment by taking photos and recording videos. Their enthusiasm was palpable, with many expressing their determination to advocate for sustainability within their school and beyond.

The outreach continued at Saint Paul Church of Burundi and Family’s Church, where Leda-Bella highlighted the intersection of faith and environmental stewardship. She engaged congregants in discussions on how sustainability aligns with religious values and distributed the Officially Green Pledges. The church members responded positively, sharing ideas on integrating sustainable habits into their daily lives, from reducing food waste to conserving water.

At Ruvumera Market in Bujumbura, she connected with traders and community members, emphasizing the role of collective action in sustainability. She facilitated interactive discussions, encouraging participants to explore practical ways to reduce their environmental footprint. The engagement was impactful, with many attendees pledging to adopt sustainable practices such as minimizing plastic use and planting trees. The energy and commitment displayed during this visit created a ripple effect, inspiring participants to spread the #OfficiallyGreen message within their networks.

Her outreach successfully fostered awareness, encouraged action, and reinforced the importance of community-driven sustainability efforts. Moving forward, she aims to continue these engagements, ensuring that the #OfficiallyGreen message remains a guiding force in building a more sustainable future for Burundi and beyond.

UN Biodiversity Conference COP16 talks resume in Rome: What’s at stake?

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Interview with Kaveh Zahedi, Director of the FAO Office of Climate, Biodiversity and Environment

Rome - Unfinished biodiversity negotiations are back on the table.  After a groundbreaking session in Cali, Colombia, delegations are reconvening in Rome to tackle unfinished business that will be critical for biodiversity action – with transforming agrifood systems emerging as a central element for global success.

The resumed session of the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP16) will take place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) headquarters in Rome from 25–27 February 2025.

For FAO, this conference is a pivotal opportunity to emphasize a vital message: transforming our agrifood systems is not just beneficial, it is indispensable for safeguarding global biodiversity.

To understand this and other critical issues at stake in these extended negotiations, FAO Newsroom spoke with Kaveh Zahedi, Director of FAO’s Office for Climate, Biodiversity and Environment.

Why is biodiversity important for food security and transforming agrifood systems?

Biodiversity is absolutely fundamental to food security and the transformation of our agrifood systems. Think of it this way: our ability to produce food sustainably, ensuring everyone has enough to eat now and in the future, is built directly on the foundation of biodiversity.

Agrifood sectors – whether we're talking about crops, livestock, forestry, or fisheries – are inherently reliant on biodiversity.  First and foremost, biodiversity is the source of the many species we directly use for food, fuel, and fiber.  In other words, from the variety of crops we cultivate and the livestock we raise, to the trees that provide timber and the fish we catch, all of this originates from the diversity of life on Earth.

Beyond the species we directly harvest, biodiversity also encompasses the countless other species that play essential, often unseen, roles in making our food systems work.  The thing is, these are the species that power vital ecosystem functions and services.  Take pollinators, for example – bees, butterflies, and other insects are crucial for the reproduction of many crops, directly boosting our yields.  Then there are the natural enemies of pests, which help regulate populations and reduce our reliance on harmful pesticides. Not to mention healthy soils, teeming with diverse microorganisms that are essential for nutrient cycling and plant growth.  Even the oxygen we breathe and the clean water we use for agriculture are ultimately linked to biodiversity.  And when it comes to fisheries, biodiversity provides food and habitats for the fish species we harvest.

Then, genetic diversity within species is also a critical component of biodiversity for food security.  This genetic variation is what allows crops and livestock to adapt to changing environments, resist diseases, and evolve to meet our needs.  Maintaining this genetic diversity is crucial for building resilient agrifood systems that can withstand future challenges, including climate change and emerging pests and diseases.

Ultimately, none of these elements operates independently. Diverse and healthy ecosystems—such as forests, mangroves, rangelands, seagrass beds, savannahs, and oceans—provide habitats, regulate climate and water, purify the air, and support the myriad species upon which we rely for food and nutrition, whether from agriculture, forestry, fisheries, or aquaculture.

In essence, biodiversity underpins the very productivity, resilience, and sustainability of our agrifood systems, making it indispensable for long-term food security.

What is at stake in Rome, and what is FAO’s role in it?

Essentially, this is the global community’s opportunity to set course for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the years to come not just in a global context, but at the national and local level.  

This meeting is about securing the financial bedrock needed to bring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) to life. We're talking about mobilizing $200 billion each year by 2030 – the minimum investment required to truly shift the trajectory for biodiversity. Equally vital is bending the curve on harmful incentives, aiming to reduce them by $500 billion annually. Put simply, these represent the scale of resources necessary to protect the natural systems that underpin all life.

Countries must finalize critical components: the resource mobilization strategy itself, the operational financial mechanism to channel funds where they are most needed, and the KMGBF monitoring framework – in other words, the compass that will guide our progress and ensure accountability.

Biodiversity is the source of the many species we directly use for food, fuel, and fiber. ©FAO/Felipe Rodriguez

A key point of discussion is the financial mechanism and the role of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). With the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund emerging as a vital instrument for helping countries move towards sustainable use of biodiversity and sustainable agriculture, we will be watching the discussions closely to ensure we fully leverage our GEF operations. For FAO, this matters because the outcomes will have direct implications for how we can support nations to access much needed finance for their biodiversity efforts.

What important aspects related to agrifood systems remain unresolved and are now pending in these resumed negotiations?

To effectively implement the KMGBF, countries will be working to finalize the tools for measuring progress against its 23 targets – a crucial step for all Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).  FAO is deeply invested in these negotiations and play a central role in supporting this vital monitoring framework, being the custodian of over 25 indicators included in the monitoring framework. 

The decision on the monitoring framework – which contains many elements - is still being discussed. A key element for FAO is the proposed new Headline Indicator 22.1 on land tenure and land cover. It is designed to measure progress effectively by reflecting the crucial link between secure land rights for Indigenous Peoples and local communities and the health of ecosystems, with FAO as the intended custodian.

FAO is also involved in discussions about how to measure progress on reducing risks from pesticides – something that responds to the KMGBF Target 7.  Countries are trying to agree on the best way to track if we're actually reducing these risks. There are different ideas on the table: one is to measure "pesticide environment concentration" – basically, how much pesticide is ending up in nature.  Another idea is to look at "aggregated total applied toxicity" (ATAT) – which is more about measuring the overall harmfulness of the pesticides we use. This decision will shape how FAO can help countries reduce pesticide risks and protect biodiversity in agriculture.

Beyond technical contributions, FAO is fostering vital collaborations with other conventions and international bodies.  Why does this matter? Because a coordinated approach is essential to weave biodiversity considerations into the fabric of all relevant sectors.

Other key discussions for us in Rome include a potential invitation to prepare a draft action plan for the International Initiative on Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition. Also at stake is a request to the governing bodies of the chemicals and waste conventions, FAO and others, to collaborate with the three Rio Conventions and the future legally binding instrument on plastic pollution to achieve Target 7 of the KMGBF (To reduce pollution to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity).

Although the COP left some issues pending many seem to see Cali as a success. Was that the case?

From the elevation of the role of indigenous people and communities to agreement on digital sequencing information, COP16 has already been a success. Notably, there was a historic commitment to the rights and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples. This included establishing a subsidiary body focused on Article 8(j) of the Convention, which deals with Indigenous and local communities, and a decision recognizing the role of people of African descent. FAO also announced its commitment to supporting Indigenous-led actions for biodiversity conservation, including launching biocentric restoration plans in Costa Rica and Peru.

COP16 also adopted a decision on Digital Sequence Information (DSI). Put simply, DSI refers to the genetic information of plants, animals, and microbes that is stored in digital form. Think of it as the blueprint of life, but in computer code. The agreement in Cali focused on how to operationalize a multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism related to the use of this digital genetic information. This ties into the Cali Fund, which aims to mobilize resources to support biodiversity conservation and fairly reward those who are custodians of biodiversity.

What is maybe recognized less is that COP16 in Cali was key for governments to take stock of where they are with setting national targets for biodiversity. A big message coming out of Cali was that protecting biodiversity is not separate from other global challenges – it's all connected to tackling climate issues, making sure we have enough food and good nutrition, and building strong and adaptable agrifood systems.

Food Day event at COP16 in Cali Colombia.

The discussions emphasized that we need joined-up solutions across different international agreements, and that we need to boost financial and technical support, making sure all of this is built into countries' national plans. This means really scaling up effective solutions for our agrifood systems through good policies, new ideas, and technologies, and importantly, making sure these reach small farmers and producers in a fair and inclusive way that considers everyone.

Any highlights from FAO’s engagement at COP16 in Cali?

One of the main things that we highlighted in Cali was our ongoing technical assistance to countries in developing and implementing their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, or NBSAPs. These NBSAPs are really important because they are the main way countries are planning to put biodiversity considerations into their policies and actions, including in food and agriculture. With the ambition and scale of the KMGBF, the NBSAPs need to go well beyond conservation plans and truly reflect the opportunities and potential of sustainable use of biodiversity.

This was the core message FAO presented at over 75 events throughout the conference. For example, key events included Food Day and a well-attended Ministerial event where, together with the CBD Secretariat and the Colombian government, we launched the Agri-NBSAPs Support Initiative. The initiative aims to help countries accelerate the integration of biodiversity into their agrifood systems to achieve the goals of the KMGF.  Specifically, it provides targeted support to governments in their efforts to identify and implement actions in agrifood systems that will enable them to meet the biodiversity commitments outlined in their NBSAPs.

Bees, butterflies, and other insects are crucial for the reproduction of many crops, directly boosting yields.

Our engagement also included providing technical advice to country delegations during the actual negotiations, representing FAO in various forums, and holding numerous bilateral meetings with country representatives and partner organizations.

Overall, we consistently emphasized that agrifood systems are integral to the KMGBF, directly or indirectly being related to all 23 of its targets. Therefore, the active participation of agrifood system stakeholders – including producers, smallholders, consumers, youth and so many others – is crucial in determining the success of the KMGBF.

What is next?

For the KMGBF, it's all about moving from agreement to action. With the monitoring framework taking shape, and countries having mostly set their national targets, the real next step is implementation. For FAO, this means focusing on supporting countries to implement their NBSAPs fully in alignment with the ambition of the KMGBF. We are already helping countries access the resources available, like the Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF), for which FAO just supported 23 project proposals.

As mentioned, agrifood systems are integral to the KMGBF, directly or indirectly being related to all 23 of its targets. A key priority for FAO is making sure that agrifood solutions to biodiversity loss are really embedded in countries' strategies, action plans, and national targets. This is not just about ticking boxes; it's about ensuring this translates into real policy changes on the ground that promote biodiversity-friendly agriculture. To help countries with all of this, as I mentioned, we have the Agri-NBSAPs Support Initiative.

Looking at the bigger picture, the real challenge now is closing the gap between ambition and actual implementation. We've got these fantastic global goals, but the hard work is in making them a reality on the ground, to truly conserve the incredible diversity of life on Earth and the habitats we all depend on.

COP15 in Kunming and Montreal was a landmark moment, with countries agreeing on 23 targets for 2030 and four broader goals for 2050. Crucially, global leaders recognized the central role of sustainably using biodiversity, including through agriculture. Cali was about turning this ambition into concrete plans, and in Rome, we need to concentrate on finalizing the decisions that will propel us forward.

Green Fellow Danjuma Samuel Drives Sustainability in Nigeria

Danjuma Samuel, a passionate advocate for environmental sustainability from Adamawa State, Nigeria, has been at the forefront of grassroots efforts to combat climate change. As a Green Fellow with the Officially Green Movement, Samuel’s work focuses on advancing sustainable practices, educating communities, and inspiring young people to take climate action.

Danjuma Samuel leads a tree-planting campaign at Government Girls Secondary School, Yola, as part of his efforts to promote environmental sustainability and engage young minds in climate action.

Born and raised in Numan, Samuel’s journey into environmental advocacy is rooted in his academic background and a commitment to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Below, he shares insights into his work, the challenges he has faced, and his vision for a greener future in an interview with The Africa Daily Post.

1. Can you share with us your background and what inspired you to become a Green Fellow?
I am an individual who was born and raised in Numan, Adamawa, Nigeria. I had my primary and junior education in Numan Local Government Area and later moved to Yola-South Local Government Area, where I completed my secondary school. From there, I gained admission into Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, where I obtained a National Diploma in Computer Science in 2017. In 2023, I graduated with a Higher National Diploma in Statistics and also completed a Professional Diploma in Education in the same year.

I am passionate about learning and research. What inspired me to become a Green Fellow is my strong interest in the SDG goals, particularly goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13.

2. What does the Officially Green pledge mean to you, and what motivated you to commit to it?
The Officially Green pledge means commitment to me. It is a binding code that prepares younger generations to become responsible individuals. I was motivated to commit to it because it teaches love for others.

3. In December 2024, you visited two primary schools, Jimeta Modern Market, and Spirit Life Power Embassy Church in Yola. Can you tell us about the purpose of these visits and the activities you conducted?
Yes, I visited these places intending to champion a cause—my environment. The purpose was to:
i. Combat desertification and improve air quality.
ii. Educate business owners, community members, and students on the importance of sustainable climate action practices.
iii. Urge my community members to join the green initiative.

4. Between November and December 2024, you led a tree-planting campaign in several schools. What were the objectives of this campaign, and how did you engage the students and staff?
The objectives of the tree-planting campaign were to:

  • Create nursery bags using commonly available materials, such as pure water sachets.

  • Select appropriate sand types for nurturing seedlings.

  • Propagate and care for popular tree species.\

5. What challenges did you encounter during your environmental outreach and tree-planting campaigns, and how did you overcome them?
My main challenges were acceptance, finance, logistics, and maintenance. Persistence was key. At the first school I approached, they insisted on formal procedures and raised concerns about school policy on photographs. I complied but eventually moved to the next door.

Finance was my biggest obstacle. Knowing community service was required of me, I struggled to afford it. Initially, I planned to buy just 10 trees and take photos, but I later decided to grow and nurture the trees myself. This method not only saved money but aligned with sustainable practices.

For logistics, I designed flyers seeking partnerships and reached out to friends and well-wishers for assistance. Maintenance was also a challenge, especially in schools without ready access to water. I improvised by arranging small containers and buckets for watering the trees.

6. Can you share a memorable experience or success story from your recent initiatives that had a significant impact on the community?
My most memorable experience was at Government Girls Secondary School, Yola. The turnout was overwhelming, and the students were very inquisitive.

7. How have the communities and institutions you’ve engaged with responded to your environmental initiatives?
The communities and institutions responded positively.

8. In what ways do you measure the success and impact of your projects on environmental awareness and sustainability within these communities?
I measure success through the ripple effects of the tree-planting campaign. In every school I visited, I encouraged students to plant at least five trees at home. Reports show that many students have followed through.

9. What are your future plans as a Green Fellow to further promote environmental sustainability in your community and beyond?
My future plans include leveraging partnerships and green clubs to advance the 1,000+ tree-planting campaign. I aim to take this campaign to schools, higher institutions, organizations, and households.

10. How do you envision the role of young leaders in driving environmental change in Nigeria and across Africa?
I envision young leaders playing a pivotal role in driving environmental change. This will be one of the most transformative developments for our continent.
11. What advice would you give to individuals who are passionate about environmental sustainability but are unsure how to get involved?
My advice is to ask for guidance from local advocates. That’s how I started.

Danjuma Samuel leads a tree-planting campaign at Government Girls Secondary School, Yola, as part of his efforts to promote environmental sustainability and engage young minds in climate action.

12. Can you recommend any resources or networks that have been instrumental in your journey as an environmental advocate?
I recommend friends and family members. They have been my primary support system throughout this journey.






GREEN FELLOW SPOTLIGHT: Danjuma Samuel-A Champion of the Green Movement in Adamawa State

We’re thrilled to recognize Danjuma Samuel as our Best Green Fellow of the Month for December! His outstanding 1000+ Tree Planting Campaign in schools across Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria, has left an incredible mark on his community and the environment. 🌳💚

Danjuma’s efforts go beyond just planting trees; they are about inspiring meaningful action, raising awareness, and empowering young people to take responsibility for the planet. Through his campaign, he has planted trees at schools like Bekaji Primary School, Government Girls Secondary School, Yola, and conducted group activities with students of Karewa Day Senior Secondary School. His work included impactful community service through the Spiritlife Power Embassy in Yola and has been documented in reports like the Bekaji Primary School Report and the Government Girls Secondary School Report.

By planting over 1,000 trees, Danjuma has combated desertification, improved air quality, educated students on sustainability and climate action, and engaged the community in meaningful steps toward a greener future.

His dedication is a powerful reminder that small actions lead to significant changes. By turning his vision into a reality, Danjuma has shown that every effort counts in building a sustainable world.

Join us in supporting efforts to make our planet greener. Start today—plant a tree, reduce waste, or educate others about protecting the environment. Every action matters. 🌍

 

CAMERA SPEAKS

GREEN FELLOW SPOTLIGHT: Spreading Green Hope at the Mother of Divine Grace Orphanage Home

THE GREENHQ

On December 23, 2024, Ogbenna Chinedu Felix, a dedicated Green Fellow, led a transformative community outreach at the Mother of Divine Grace Orphanage Home in Asaba. This initiative aligned with the Green Institute’s mission of fostering sustainability and environmental responsibility in communities, especially among young, impressionable minds. The visit was a blend of education, practical activities, and heartfelt support that left an indelible mark on both the children and the organizers.

The outreach featured a sustainability education session tailored for children. Ogbenna used materials from the Green Institute to explain concepts like waste management, moderate consumption, energy conservation, and environmental stewardship. The session included relatable, everyday examples to ensure the message resonated with the children. One highlight was the introduction of the Green Pledges, which the children enthusiastically recited and committed to: “I will never drop that waste on the floor,” “I will eat and drink moderately,” “I will always switch off my appliances when not in use,” “I will use less paper,” and “I will tell others about Green.”

Following the party, the children participated in a waste management exercise, practicing what they had just learned. They collected and sorted waste around the orphanage, reinforcing the importance of cleanliness and environmental care. This hands-on activity bridged the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world action, creating lasting memories.

To further assist the orphanage, Ogbenna donated essential items that addressed immediate needs while promoting sustainability. The donations included two cartons of instant noodles, three packs of tissue paper, a large pack of detergent, disposable waste sacks and medicated gloves, and Isal and facemasks. These contributions underscored the importance of community support in building a healthier, sustainable future.

The visit achieved several milestones. The children embraced sustainability principles with enthusiasm, adopting new habits during the visit. The cleanup exercise helped solidify their understanding of waste management. The donations met critical needs while reinforcing the event’s core message. Despite time constraints and limited documentation, the initiative was a success.

Looking ahead, Ogbenna plans to conduct follow-up visits to ensure sustained behavior changes. He also intends to expand outreach to include more orphanages, schools, and community groups, while improving documentation to better capture and showcase the impact of future efforts. This outreach was not just an event—it was a commitment to building a more sustainable future, one child at a time. By introducing young minds to the importance of environmental responsibility, Ogbenna Chinedu Felix has planted seeds of change that will grow for years to come. Together, we can all take steps to make sustainability a central theme in our lives and communities.

CASSANDRA Local Water Forum Factsheet Kenya

Dr Richard Elelman

HEAD OF POLITICS, EURECAT

The CASSANDRA Programme, https://cdn.eurecat.org/PDF/Cassandra2023/Cassandra_conclusions.pdf is now being implemented. 

In order to keep all interested organisations and individuals informed we are producing a number of online communications. The following FACTSHEET will describe the challenges of Kenya. The intention is to give a brief overview of the country in question and the locations of the Local Climate Forums. 

In this factsheet we highlight the sickening aspect of sextortion. However, as we stress in the text, it is important to understand that sextortion is not exclusively a Kenyan nor an African problem. Such brutal behaviour is taking place around the globe and must be addressed as a global issue and one that is being worsened directly because of climate change. CASSANDRA will disseminate a specific paper on this issue in the coming months.

The result of the discussions of the first two editions of the CASSANDRA Conference, the programme is the identification, development and nurturing of at least 300 local community organisations over a four-year period which address four key socio-political consequences of climate change: public health issues, gender inequality, migration, and the exacerbation of the effects of armed conflict. CASSANDRA is not an organisation, nor a project consortium. Any interested party is invited to become involved.

There are, for the period up to November 2025, 20 Pilot Local Climate Forums in Somalia (3), Kenya (3), Sudan (2), Palestine (1), Nigeria (3), the Democratic Republic of Congo (1), Uganda (2), South Africa (1), Libya (1) and the Euro-Mediterranean region (3).  

Health

Sextortion

Migration

Conflict

CASSANDRA chooses to work in highly challenging scenarios, to demonstrate:

1) The importance of local people initiating and implementing community actions if supranational ambitions are to be translated into tangible results.

2) That scientists and technologists have a socio-political responsibility to communicate clearly with, and support, communities facing climate change issues, serving as Science Embassies when required by the community. A network of Science Embassies will be established to promote knowledge exchange.

3) A clear capacity to establish a direct link between supranational, international and national entities and local people willing to fight for their homes, their environment, and their future through effective dissemination of the local community actions’ success and failures and the enabling of fac-to-face dialogue between the different political and social actors.

4) The fact that the socio-political effects of climate change can no longer be ignored, nor treated individually but rather as a complex interrelationship.

5) The development of an effective and accessible means of measuring the progress of actions undertaken at the local community level.

On January the 23rd 2025, the first online webinar will permit those who are interested to interact directly with the leaders of all the Local Climate Forums that have been established, to gain a far more profound insight regarding the challenges which their local communities face. Further details and instructions on how to register for the webinar will be provided at the beginning of December.

 

CASSANDRA Local Water Forum Factsheet Nigeria

Dr Richard Elelman

HEAD OF POLITICS, EURECAT

The CASSANDRA Programme,  https://cdn.eurecat.org/PDF/Cassandra2023/Cassandra_conclusions.pdf is now being implemented. 

The result of the discussions of the first two editions of the CASSANDRA Conference, the programme is the identification, development and nurturing of at least 300 local community organisations over a four-year period which address four key socio-political consequences of climate change: public health issues, gender inequality, migration, and the exacerbation of the effects of armed conflict. CASSANDRA is not an organisation, nor a project consortium. Any interested party is invited to become involved.

There are, for the period up to November 2025, 20 Pilot Local Climate Forums in Somalia (3), Kenya (3), Sudan (2), Palestine (1), Nigeria (3), the Democratic Republic of Congo (1), Uganda (2), South Africa (1), Libya (1) and the Euro-Mediterranean region (3).  

Health

Migration

Climate Change

Conflict

CASSANDRA chooses to work in highly challenging scenarios, to demonstrate:

1) The importance of local people initiating and implementing community actions if supranational ambitions are to be translated into tangible results.

2) That scientists and technologists have a socio-political responsibility to communicate clearly with, and support, communities facing climate change issues, serving as Science Embassies when required by the community. A network of Science Embassies will be established to promote knowledge exchange.

3) A clear capacity to establish a direct link between supranational, international and national entities and local people willing to fight for their homes, their environment, and their future through effective dissemination of the local community actions’ success and failures and the enabling of fac-to-face dialogue between the different political and social actors.

4) The fact that the socio-political effects of climate change can no longer be ignored, nor treated individually but rather as a complex interrelationship.

5) The development of an effective and accessible means of measuring the progress of actions undertaken at the local community level.

In order to keep all interested organisations and individuals informed we are producing a number of online communications. To begin with, you are regularly receiving LOCAL CLIMATE FORUM FACTSHEETS which describe the activities in a specific country where CASSANDRA is active. The third, enclosed here, describes the challenges in Nigeria. The following FACTSHEET will describe Kenya. The intention is to give a brief overview of the country in question and the locations of the Local Climate Forums. 

On January the 23rd 2025, the first online webinar will permit those who are interested to interact directly with the leaders of all the Local Climate Forums that have been established, to gain a far more profound insight regarding the challenges which their local communities face. Further details and instructions on how to register for the webinar will be provided at the beginning of December.

We hope that the information we provide is proving interesting to you. Meanwhile, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to all of those entities and individuals who are providing us with valuable opinions, insights and suggestions regarding the work which CASSANDRA undertakes.

 

The Green Stories Movement: Writing for a Sustainable Future

Green Stories is a transformative initiative that uses storytelling to foster awareness and inspire action towards a sustainable future. Launched in 2018, it has hosted numerous writing competitions aimed at generating creative narratives that envision a world where sustainability thrives. Their projects, such as the No More Fairy Tales anthology, present engaging stories that highlight innovative climate solutions.

Recently, Microbes to the Rescue!, an anthology edited by Dr. Louise Byfield and Dr. Sigrid Kusch-Brandt and published by EBNet.ac.uk, joined the collection of impactful stories in this movement. This book, available as a downloadable e-book under a CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED license, encourages readers to share and adapt its content for non-commercial purposes. With stories of microbial innovations and green solutions, this anthology complements Green Stories' mission, expanding readers' understanding of sustainability in unexpected ways.

Through competitions and collaborations with organizations like BAFTA, Green Stories encourages writers to explore green themes and solutions, contributing to a cultural shift towards environmental consciousness. Their efforts have reached thousands, including climate conference delegates, demonstrating the power of storytelling in promoting sustainable change.

Get Involved! Writers of all levels are encouraged to join upcoming competitions, share their stories, and become part of a community passionate about sustainability. Stay updated on opportunities and events by signing up for their mailing list or following them on social media.

For more information about the Green Stories Project, visit Green Stories.

 

CASSANDRA Local Water Forum Factsheet #2 Sudan

Dr Richard Elelman

HEAD OF POLITICS, EURECAT

The CASSANDRA Programme is now being implemented. As the result of discussions from the first two editions of the CASSANDRA Conference, the programme focuses on identifying, developing, and nurturing at least 300 local community organizations over a four-year period. These organizations will address four key socio-political consequences of climate change: public health issues, gender inequality, migration, and the exacerbation of the effects of armed conflict. It’s important to note that CASSANDRA is not an organization or a project consortium; rather, it invites any interested party to become involved.

From now until November 2025, there are 20 Pilot Local Climate Forums in various regions, including Somalia (3), Kenya (3), Sudan (2), Palestine (1), Nigeria (3), the Democratic Republic of Congo (1), Uganda (2), South Africa (1), Libya (1), and the Euro-Mediterranean region (3).

CASSANDRA chooses to work in highly challenging scenarios to demonstrate several critical points:

  1. Local Initiatives Matter: The importance of local people initiating and implementing community actions is essential if supranational ambitions are to translate into tangible results.

  2. Responsibility of Scientists and Technologists: Scientists and technologists bear a socio-political responsibility to communicate clearly with, and support, communities facing climate change issues, serving as Science Embassies when required by the community. A network of Science Embassies will be established to promote knowledge exchange.

  3. Connecting Local and Global Efforts: There is a clear capacity to establish a direct link between supranational, international, and national entities and local people who are willing to fight for their homes, their environment, and their future. This will be achieved through effective dissemination of local community actions’ successes and failures, enabling face-to-face dialogue between different political and social actors.

  4. Complex Interrelationships: The socio-political effects of climate change can no longer be ignored or treated individually; rather, they must be understood as a complex interrelationship.

  5. Measuring Progress: The programme will develop an effective and accessible means of measuring the progress of actions undertaken at the local community level.

To keep all interested organizations and individuals informed, we will produce a series of online communications. To start, you will receive regular LOCAL WATER FORUM FACTSHEETS that describe activities in specific countries where CASSANDRA is active. The enclosed factsheet outlines the challenges in Sudan, while the following one will cover Nigeria. These factsheets aim to provide a brief overview of the respective countries and the locations of the Local Climate Forums.

In December, the first online webinar will offer interested parties the chance to interact directly with the leaders of all the Local Climate Forums that have been established. This event will provide a deeper insight into the challenges faced by their local communities.

 

Exploring Global Water Quality Initiatives: A Focus on Women, Climate Change, and Community Action

In the October 2024 issue of Yemaya, the World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA) newsletter, several important global water quality initiatives are highlighted, focusing on the critical intersections of water, women, and community-driven action. As climate change continues to challenge communities around the world, Yemaya—named after the African goddess of the ocean and motherhood—reminds us that protecting water resources is central to our collective future.

At the Green Institute, we resonate deeply with the themes presented in this issue, especially the role of coastal women in Nigeria, led by our own visionary founder, Dr. Adenike Akinsemolu. Here, we explore the key insights from Yemaya, focusing on water quality, grassroots activism, and the broader global response to environmental change.

WWQA Annual Conference: Setting the Global Agenda for Water Quality

On October 22, 2024, the WWQA will hold its annual conference online, bringing together stakeholders to review progress, share insights, and set goals for the coming year. As part of this global initiative, the Green Institute remains committed to aligning our work with international goals, especially in the area of empowering local communities to address water quality challenges.

Coastal Women and Girls in Ondo State: The Unseen Faces of Climate Change

A key feature in this issue is the story of coastal women and girls in Ondo State, Nigeria. Climate change here is not an abstract concept; it’s a lived experience. Rising sea levels, industrial pollution, and flooding are eroding both the land and livelihoods, making access to clean water a daily struggle.

Dr. Adenike Akinsemolu, Director of the Green Institute, has worked closely with these communities, highlighting the resilience of women and girls. Through community-based platforms, local women’s groups have been organizing to raise awareness about water pollution, advocate for clean water access, and implement environmental restoration projects. The Green Institute has played a critical role in providing support, offering scientific expertise, and advocating for policies that prioritize the health and safety of these communities.

Water Quality Monitoring: Dr. Akinsemolu’s team at the Green Institute actively monitors water quality in Ondo State using advanced microbial, physicochemical, and ecotoxicological methods. The data collected has revealed significant contamination from industrial waste, oil spills, and saltwater intrusion, which has serious health implications for women and children. These findings are vital for advocating for stronger regulations and community-led initiatives to restore water sources.

An Interview with Dr. Richard Elelman: The Social Dimension of Water Quality

In an insightful interview, Dr. Richard Elelman, Head of Politics at Eurecat and leader of the Cassandra Programme, emphasizes the socio-political aspects of water quality. He discusses how access to clean water is not just an environmental issue but a basic human right, especially in regions experiencing the compounded impacts of climate change and social inequality. His work highlights how women and girls are often at the forefront of local water management efforts, despite facing systemic barriers.

Macroplastic Monitoring in the Nile Basin: A Call for Global Action on Plastic Pollution

Plastic pollution remains a critical global issue, particularly in freshwater systems like rivers and lakes. The WWQA’s Plastics workstream, in collaboration with GIZ, has been implementing the UNEP guidelines for monitoring macroplastics in the Nile Basin. This project trains local stakeholders in Uganda and Kenya to monitor and mitigate plastic pollution, an approach that aligns with the Green Institute’s mission of community-driven environmental action.

The Quest for Universal Water Quality Indicators

As part of the WWQA’s ongoing research, a team of experts is developing universal water quality indicators to standardize the way we measure and compare water pollution across regions. This work is crucial for creating global coherence and helping us better understand future pollution hotspots. These indicators, when fully realized, will contribute to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.3.2, which focuses on improving water quality globally.

Community Engagement and the Power of Local Action

The Yemaya newsletter also highlights the Gems of Water initiative in Kenya, which empowers citizens to monitor water quality and raise awareness of organic contaminants like pesticides. This aligns with the Green Institute’s efforts to engage local communities in Nigeria in the fight against water pollution. By involving those directly affected, we build resilience and create lasting solutions.

In addition, the WWQA Bulletin Board lists a series of upcoming webinars, job openings, and opportunities to engage with the global water quality community. From tackling riverine plastic pollution to exploring the role of Indigenous data sovereignty, these initiatives demonstrate the interconnectedness of water, community action, and policy advocacy.

The Role of the Green Institute: Leadership in Sustainability

Under the leadership of Dr. Adenike Akinsemolu, the Green Institute continues to inspire local action while contributing to global dialogues on water quality and sustainability. As a Green Microbiologist, Dr. Akinsemolu’s research on water quality, climate resilience, and women’s empowerment has positioned the Green Institute as a leader in community-driven environmental efforts.

At the Green Institute, we believe that global water quality challenges require both scientific expertise and grassroots activism. Through our continued partnerships and initiatives, we aim to uplift the voices of those most affected by climate change—women, girls, and marginalized communities.

Join Us in Building a Sustainable Future

As we celebrate the International Day of Rural Women and the International Day of the Girl Child this October, we invite you to join us in supporting the community-driven initiatives featured in Yemaya. Together, we can turn the tide on climate change, restore our water sources, and ensure that every community has access to clean, safe water.

To read more of the Yemaya, click this link or download the PDF.

Let’s work together for a more sustainable and water-conscious future.

 

CASSANDRA Local Climate Forum in Somalia: Empowering Communities Through Restoration and Resilience

In Somalia, climate change, land degradation, and socio-political challenges have converged to create a pressing need for sustainable solutions. The CASSANDRA Local Climate Forum, in collaboration with the Global Solutions Initiative (GSI), is actively addressing these challenges by promoting innovative land restoration techniques, supporting community resilience, and advancing gender equality. This blog post highlights key insights from CASSANDRA's work in Somalia, focusing on its efforts to build a more resilient and inclusive future.

Restoring Land, Livelihoods, and Hope

Somalia, particularly the Somaliland region, faces the adverse effects of climate change, including droughts, land degradation, and food scarcity. The GSI has been implementing Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) techniques to help local communities restore degraded land and improve agricultural productivity. This method has proven effective in boosting food security and reducing poverty by regenerating natural vegetation and improving soil fertility.

The focus on drought-resistant tree species like Acacia and Commiphora plays a critical role in combating desertification while enhancing biodiversity. Additionally, these trees provide valuable products such as Gum Arabic and myrrh, contributing to local economies and creating a sustainable foundation for long-term resilience.

Tackling Health and Migration Challenges

Climate change has significantly impacted public health in Somalia, contributing to rising temperatures, malnutrition, and waterborne diseases. By restoring land and improving water management, GSI indirectly addresses health issues by enhancing food security and reducing respiratory health risks through increased vegetation cover.

In addition, migration is a key challenge in Somalia, as droughts and land degradation force many communities to move in search of food and water. CASSANDRA’s initiatives focus on stabilizing communities by making agricultural areas more productive and sustainable, reducing the need for climate-induced migration. These efforts are crucial in ensuring that local populations can remain in their communities and continue to thrive despite environmental challenges.

Empowering Women and Advancing Gender Equality

Climate change disproportionately affects women in Somalia, who are often responsible for securing essential resources like food, water, and fuel. GSI and CASSANDRA’s initiatives emphasize the importance of involving women in land restoration efforts and decision-making processes. By integrating women into climate adaptation strategies, these initiatives empower them economically and socially, fostering stronger, more resilient communities.

Gender-inclusive approaches to land restoration have proven to yield more sustainable outcomes, strengthening the livelihoods of women while ensuring their active participation in environmental conservation efforts. This alignment with gender equality goals ensures that women’s voices are central to the fight against climate change in Somalia.

Innovative Technologies and Community Capacity Building

In addition to traditional land restoration techniques, CASSANDRA and GSI have introduced technological innovations such as solar-powered water pumps and soil moisture sensors. These tools are essential in optimizing water management, especially in drought-prone areas, ensuring that restoration efforts are both modern and effective.

Furthermore, GSI focuses on capacity building, ensuring that communities have the skills and knowledge to manage their land and natural resources sustainably. This approach ensures long-term self-reliance, helping local populations face environmental challenges with confidence and resilience.

Local Climate Forums: Engaging Communities in Climate Solutions

CASSANDRA’s Local Climate Forums in Somalia are designed to bring together community leaders, local populations, and external stakeholders to address climate-related challenges. By fostering dialogue and cooperation, these forums create a platform for local voices to be heard and for collaborative solutions to emerge.

In towns like Hobyo, Baidoa, and Mogadishu, where socio-political challenges intertwine with environmental issues, CASSANDRA’s forums serve as vital spaces for community engagement. Whether addressing resource competition, security concerns, or migration patterns, these forums enable local communities to take ownership of their environmental futures.

Get Involved with CASSANDRA

CASSANDRA invites all interested stakeholders—government agencies, NGOs, research entities, and concerned individuals—to participate in the Local Climate Forums or join the broader effort to monitor and address climate challenges in Somalia.

To learn more about CASSANDRA’s work or participate in their upcoming forums, visit their website or explore their YouTube channel. You can also view their reports, including the CASSANDRA 2023 Conclusions Report, here.

Conclusion

CASSANDRA and GSI’s work in Somalia demonstrates how land restoration, climate adaptation, and community empowerment can create lasting change. By addressing health, migration, and gender equality alongside environmental challenges, these initiatives offer hope for a more resilient and inclusive future for Somali communities facing the harsh realities of climate change.

Through community engagement, capacity building, and innovative solutions, CASSANDRA is leading the way in creating sustainable futures in even the most vulnerable regions. If you are passionate about climate action and community-driven initiatives, join CASSANDRA in their mission to create resilient, empowered communities in Somalia and beyond.

 
 
 

Empowering Youth for Climate Action: Insights from the Nigeria Future Summit 2024

The Green Institute

The Nigeria Future Summit 2024, held from October 8-9 in Abuja, tagged ‘Empowering Youth Civil Society to Build Stronger Communities in Nigeria Project’ brought together young leaders, climate experts, policymakers, and key stakeholders to discuss urgent climate action and youth inclusion in policy.

With Nigeria reviewing and preparing for NDCs 3.0 submission in 2025 and COP29, the event highlighted the pivotal role that young people can play in shaping climate policy and the necessity for their engagement in the face of Nigeria’s climate challenges. Discussions highlighted the nation’s urgent need for strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of climate change, from southern flooding and coastal erosion to northern droughts, food insecurity, and conflicts. Organized by the Nigeria Youth SDGs and supported by the German Mission in Nigeria, the summit aimed to address the exclusion of youth, women, and persons with disabilities (PWDs) from critical climate decision-making processes.

The first day of the summit featured presentations from 15 Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), including The Green Institute, drawn from five states, which are Ondo, Delta, Kaduna, Enugu and Nasarawa. These organizations shared experiences from their grassroots step down training and community dialogue, including successes in raising awareness about climate change, challenges in advocacy, and future strategies for deeper engagement in communities. These local reports were part of broader efforts that will lead to the co-creation of Local Adaptation Plans Actions (LAPA) in the five states, reflecting the unique climate challenges in each region. These plans will be presented to the state governments for integration into local climate strategies.

The second day began with an opening speech by Mr. Joshua Alade, Founder and Executive Director of NGYouthSDGs, who urged Nigerian youth to take proactive roles in climate advocacy. He cited their underrepresentation at COP meetings and the ongoing review Nigeria NCDs 3.0. He highlighted the need for youth inclusion when it comes to national and international climate policies.

A keynote speech by the German Ambassador to Nigeria, Her Excellency Annett Günther, reiterated the global commitment to youth participation in climate action. The Ambassador emphasized that Germany is deeply committed to helping developing countries, including Nigeria, achieve their climate goals, and called for youth to be central in these efforts. She highlighted the importance of turning youth climate ambitions into reality, especially ahead of COP29, and framed climate change as a defining challenge that requires collaboration, resolve, and solidarity between generations.

The first panel discussion, featuring Hon. Rinsola Abiola, SSA to the President on Citizenship and Leadership; Mr.Joshua Alade, Founder, NGYouthSDGs; Mr. Stephen Agugua, ILO National Project Coordinator, and Ms. Bernard Ogechi Mercy (Founder, Eco-cyclers), focused on defining Nigeria’s priorities for COP29. Hon. Rinsola Abiola highlights the role of capacity building in ensuring awareness at the community level. With data being a major issue in Nigeria, he mentioned how AI technology can be used to enhance climate data collection and decision-making. Mr. Stephen Agugua highlighted the impact of climate change on employment, emphasizing that the transition to green energy could create job opportunities in sectors like green jobs. He stressed the committed of ILO in the green economy, particularly through the Nigerian Decent Work Program running from 2023 to 2027, which seeks to create job for the youth. Ms. Bernard Ogechi Mercy encouraged youth to be resilient and persistent in advocating for climate action. She urged young climate activists to believe in their power to create change within their communities. Mr. Alade addressed the barriers young people face in climate policy discussions, particularly their exclusion from past reviews of Nigeria's NDCs. He emphasized the need for platforms that enable youth to engage in climate action effectively. Quoting the President of Nigeria, he stated, “Power is not served a la carte. You have to struggle for power,” reinforcing the idea that youth must actively advocate for their place in decision-making processes to ensure their voices are heard in climate policy discussions

The second panel discussion, focusing on "Youth Leadership in Climate Action: Strategies for Influence and Impact, featured  Mr. Friday Ogezi, Climate Justice Advisor at ActionAid Nigeria; Ms. Chinwe Abuwa, Policy & Advocacy Officer at ONE Campaign; and Mr. Lucky Abeng, Climate Justice Campaigner. Mr. Ogezi emphasized the importance of long-term planning and government support for community-level climate solutions. Ms. Abuwa advocated for financial and educational investments in youth, emphasizing the need for "smart aid" from developed nations to empower scalable solutions. She also called for reforming educational systems to equip youth with the skills necessary to combat climate change. Mr. Abeng emphasized the need to shift from "meaningful youth engagement" to "meaningful youth investment." He highlighted the importance of developing a bottom-up approach to address the climate crisis, pointing out that marginalized youth must actively claim their space in climate action. According to him, youth will not be automatically given a seat at the decision-making table, so strategic planning and proactive steps are crucial for achieving meaningful influence and impact in the climate space.

The summit concluded with a call to action for youth, urging them to continue advocating for space in national and global climate conversations that concern their future. As Nigeria prepares for COP29 and the ongoing review of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the event re-echoed the necessity of youth involvement in crafting sustainable climate solutions. In line with global goals, the future of Nigeria’s climate policy depends on inclusive, collaborative efforts that leave no one behind, especially the youth, who represent the largest sector of the population.

Finally, it is crucial for youth to awaken and unite in advocating for space in climate policy engagement. As the saying goes, "If you want to go fast, go alone; if you want to go far, go together." The quest for achieving resilience and sustainable communities is significant, but with collaborative efforts, we can make a greater impact. As youth, our voices matter. It is vital that youth voices are amplified and recognized in the climate dialogue to drive meaningful change. #ClimateActionForStrongerNaija #OfficiallyGreen

Youth-Led Climate Action Takes Centre Stage in Ondo State

THE GREENHQ

Ondo State, Nigeria – September 21, 2024 

A dynamic initiative to address the growing climate crisis has made a crucial leap forward in Ondo State, Nigeria. The Green Institute, supported by the Network of Youth for Sustainable Initiative (NGYouthSDGs) and the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany Abuja, successfully concluded a two-day Step-Down Training aimed at empowering youth-led civil society organizations (CSOs) to lead climate action in their communities. Held on September 20-21, 2024, the training brought together over 100 participants, with 27 attending in person and 81 joining virtually. The participants represented various CSOs across the state, eager to gain the skills and knowledge necessary to advocate for climate policy reforms, bring youth voices to the centre of climate negotiations, and implement local climate action.

Empowering the Next Generation of Climate Leaders

The training focused on enhancing the capacity of 11 youth-led CSOs to assume leadership roles in climate advocacy and project execution. Critical topics such as climate communication strategies, project planning, and community-led adaptation plans were key highlights of the event. Participants were equipped to develop actionable climate strategies tailored to the unique environmental challenges facing their communities, including ways to influence national policies like the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

"This initiative is about handing the reins of climate action to young people, women, and persons with disabilities (PWDs) who are directly affected by its consequences," said Ms. Foluke Arijeniwa, Programme Coordinator at The Green Institute. "We believe that by equipping youth with the right tools, they can become powerful advocates and implementers of climate solutions in their communities, while ensuring environmental sustainability and contributing to national climate goals."

Key Outcomes of the Training

  • Enhanced Climate Knowledge: Participants reported a remarkable 90% increase in their understanding of climate policy and advocacy techniques, enabling them to better influence local and national climate action.

  • Actionable Climate Plans: Each of the 11 CSOs developed comprehensive local climate action plans to address issues such as deforestation, flooding, and desertification in their regions.

  • Increased Awareness: Interactive sessions and group activities raised awareness about the importance of local climate solutions, motivating participants to take immediate action in their communities.

Aligning with the Global Agenda for Sustainable Development

The Step-Down Training emphasizes inclusivity by involving youth, women, and persons with disabilities (PWDs), highlighting the commitment to leaving no one behind. This approach supports SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities and SDG 5: Gender Equality, ensuring that marginalized groups are integrated into climate action and advocacy efforts. Additionally, the training aligns with SDG 13: Climate Action, while also contributing to SDG 4: Quality Education and SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals. By empowering youth-led CSOs and fostering collaboration, the project demonstrates that local climate action is part of a broader effort to achieve sustainable development globally.

Looking Ahead: Community Dialogue

Following the success of the training, The Green Institute is preparing to host a Community Dialogue session later this month. This event will bring together 80 participants, including community members, government representatives, and local stakeholders, to collaboratively discuss climate adaptation strategies. The dialogue aims to foster collaboration at the grassroots level, ensuring that the voices of those most affected by climate change are included in policy-making and community planning. Youth voices will be central in driving negotiations on climate action and the implementation of both the NAPS and NDCs at local levels.

Challenges and the Path Forward

While the training has laid a solid foundation for youth-led climate action, challenges remain in ensuring sustained engagement and the successful implementation of climate action plans. The Green Institute in partnership with the Network of Youth for Sustainable Initiative (NGYouthSDGs) is committed to providing ongoing support to these youth-led CSOs, assisting them in turning their plans into impactful projects that address deforestation, water scarcity, and other climate-related issues in Ondo State.

"As the project continues, The Green Institute remains dedicated to nurturing these young leaders, fostering long-term sustainability, and ensuring that local solutions to climate challenges are realized," concluded Arijeniwa.

This youth-driven approach to climate action represents a vital step forward in addressing environmental challenges in Nigeria, with Ondo State leading the way as a hub for grassroots climate leadership and the inclusion of youth voices in the global climate agenda.

Photos speak!

Global Warming Alert — Earth Has Passed 1.5° Celsius Milestone

Steve Hanle

CleanTechnica

Ever since the Paris climate agreement in December of 2015, the mantra on everyone’s lips has been, “We need to do everything we can to keep global warming below 1.5° Celsius.” For the past several years, climate scientists have warned that the world was getting dangerously close to exceeding that target and that nations were not doing everything they needed to do to prevent average global temperatures from passing that benchmark.

According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, average global temperatures between July 2023 and June 2024 were the highest on record, creating a year-long stretch in which the Earth was 1.64° C hotter than in pre-industrial times. Carlo Buontempo, the director of the service which analyzed the data, told The Guardian the results were not a statistical oddity but a “large and continuing shift” in the climate as global warming accelerates. “Even if this specific streak of extremes ends at some point, we are bound to see new records being broken as the climate continues to warm. This is inevitable unless we stop adding greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and the oceans.”

Copernicus, a scientific organization that belongs to the EU’s space program, uses billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather stations to track key climate metrics. It found June 2024 was hotter than any other June on record and was the 12th month in a row with temperatures 1.5° C greater than their average between 1850 and 1900. Because temperatures in some months had “relatively small margins” above 1.5° C, the scientists said, datasets from other climate agencies may not confirm the 12 month global warming trend.

“This is not good news at all,” said Aditi Mukherji, a director at research institute CGIAR and co-author of the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. “We know that extreme events increase with every increment of global warming — and at 1.5C, we witnessed some of the hottest extremes this year.” Some ecosystems are more vulnerable than others. In its latest review of the science, the IPCC found that 1.5° C of warming will kill off 70 to 90% of tropical coral reefs, while warming of 2° C will wipe them out almost entirely.

A survey of hundreds of IPCC authors this year by The Guardian found three-quarters expect global warming to increase by at least 2.5° C by 2100, with about half of the scientists expecting temperatures above 3° C. The increments sound small, but can mean the difference between widespread human suffering and “semi-dystopian” futures. Mukherji compared 1° C of global heating to a mild fever and 1.5° C to a medium to high grade fever. “Now imagine a human body with [that] temperature for years. Will that person function normally any more? That’s currently our Earth system,” she added. “It is a crisis.”

François Gemenne, an IPCC author and director of the Hugo Observatory at the University of Liège, said global warming is not a binary issue. “It is not 1.5° C or death. Every 0.1° C matters a great deal because we’re talking about global average temperatures, which translate into massive temperature gaps locally.” Even in a best-case scenario, he said, people need to prepare for a warmer world and “beef up” response plans. “Adaptation is not an admission that our current efforts are useless.”

WMO Weighs In On Global Warming

The World Meteorological Organization takes a fairly nuanced approach to this latest climate news. It says the global mean near-surface temperature for each year between 2024 and 2028 is predicted to be between 1.1° C and 1.9° C higher than the 1850-1900 baseline and there is an 86% likelihood that at least one of these years will set a new temperature record that exceeds the current record, which belongs to 2023. There is a 47% likelihood that the global temperature averaged over the entire five-year period between 2024 and 2028 will exceed 1.5° C above the pre-industrial era, the WMO says. That’s up from 32% from last year’s report. The chance of at least one of the next five years exceeding 1.5° C has risen steadily since 2015, when it was close to zero.

“Behind these statistics lies the bleak reality that we are way off track to meet the (global warming) goals set in the Paris Agreement,” said WMO Deputy Secretary General Ko Barrett. “We must urgently do more to cut greenhouse gas emissions, or we will pay an increasingly heavy price in terms of trillions of dollars in economic costs, millions of lives affected by more extreme weather and extensive damage to the environment and biodiversity.”

“WMO is sounding the alarm that we will be exceeding the 1.5° C level on a temporary basis with increasing frequency. We have already temporarily surpassed this level for individual months — and indeed as averaged over the most recent 12 month period. However, it is important to stress that temporary breaches do not mean that the 1.5° C goal is permanently lost because this refers to long term warming over decades,” Barrett added.

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said, “We are playing Russian roulette with our planet. We need an exit ramp off the highway to climate hell. And the good news is that we have control of the wheel. The battle to limit temperature rise to 1.5 degrees will be won or lost in the 2020s — under the watch of leaders today.”

Even at current levels of global warming, there are already devastating climate impacts, the WMO says. These include more extreme heatwaves, extreme rainfall events and droughts; reductions in ice sheets, sea ice, and glaciers; and accelerating sea level rise and ocean heating. “We are living in unprecedented times, but we also have unprecedented skill in monitoring the climate and this can help inform our actions. This string of hottest months will be remembered as comparatively cold (in the future), but if we manage to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in the very near future we might be able to return to these “cold” temperatures by the end of the century,” said Carlo Buontempo said.

The Takeaway

Are you getting this? The blistering temperatures happening all around the world today may be relatively cold in the not too distant future if average global temperatures continue to rise. And yet the United States, which may not be the most important countries in the world anymore but still exerts a powerful influence on how other countries deal with the gathering global warming crisis, is poised to elect an aged buffoon with a bad combover who promises to increase the production of fossil fuels beyond anything previously seen.

List of threatened species grows by 1,000, but conservation efforts bring hope for some animals

TAIWO ADEBAYO
AP NEWS

An Iberian lynx is visible in Doñana National Park, in Aznalcazar, Spain on Sept. 28, 2018. (AP Photo/Antonio Pizarro)

Over 45,000 species are now threatened with extinction — 1,000 more than last year — according to an international conservation organization that blames pressures from climate change, invasive species and human activity such as illicit trade and infrastructural expansion.

Two pygmy elephants cross the road in Taliwas forest on Malaysia’s Sabah state on Borneo Island, July 21, 2005. (AP Photo/Vincent Thian)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature released its latest Red List of Threatened Species on Thursday. Now in its 60th year, the list sounds the alarm about animals and plants at risk of extinction, but it also highlights conservation success stories such as the Iberian lynx.

The list now includes 163,040 species, an increase of about 6,000 from last year. Copiapoa cacti, native to Chile’s Atacama coastal desert, the Bornean elephant and the Gran Canaria giant lizard are among the threatened species, IUCN revealed.

Social media trend among extinction drivers

Copiapoa cacti have long been coveted as decorative plants, driving an illegal trade that has been amplified by social media where enthusiasts and traders showcase and sell the cacti.

A staggering 82% of the species is now at risk of extinction, a significant jump from 55% in 2013, the report said.

IUCN said that the decline is due to the surge in demand for the Chilean cacti in Europe and Asia as ornamental species. The smugglers and poachers facilitating the trade, the organization said, have gained increased accessibility to the plants’ habitat due to roads and housing expansion in the Atacama area.


“It is easy to distinguish if copiapoa cacti have been poached or grown in a greenhouse,” said Pablo Guerrero, a member of the IUCN’s group on the plants. “Poached copiapoa have a grey tone and are coated in a dusty-looking bloom that protects the plants in one of the driest deserts on Earth, whereas cultivated plants appear greener.”

The 2024 update also highlights the Asian elephant in Borneo as an endangered species. It is estimated that only about 1,000 Bornean elephants remain in the wild, according to IUCN analysis.

A pair of Iberian Lynx play together in the surroundings of the Doñana National Park, in Aznalcazar, Spain on Oct. 2, 2018. (AP Photo/Antonio Pizarro)

The population has decreased over the past 75 years primarily due to extensive logging of Borneo’s forests, destroying much of the elephants’ habitat. Conflicts with humans, habitat loss due to agriculture and timber plantations, mining and infrastructure development, poaching, exposure to agrochemicals, and vehicle collisions also threaten the species, the IUCN said.

The list also revealed the “staggering” decline of endemic reptiles — the giant lizard and skink — on the Canary Islands and Ibiza due to predation by the invasive snakes.

One species’ ‘greatest recovery’

In a contrasting tale, conservation efforts have revived the Iberian lynx from the brink of extinction, with the population increasing from 62 mature individuals in 2001 to 648 in 2022 and more than 2,000 now.

Once considered one of the most endangered wild cat species in the world, their population declined by 87% and the number of breeding females dropped by more than 90% between 1985 and 2001, according to Canada-based International Society for Endangered Cats.

The species was revived by restoring the Iberian lynx’s natural Mediterranean scrub and forest habitat as well as increasing the abundance of its primary prey, the European rabbit. Conservation efforts have also involved increasing the lynx’s genetic diversity by relocating them to new areas and breeding them in controlled environments.

Since 2010, more than 400 Iberian lynx have been reintroduced to parts of Portugal and Spain, IUCN said.

It is “the greatest recovery of a cat species ever achieved through conservation,” said Francisco Javier Salcedo Ortiz, who led the conservation action for the Iberian lynx.

But with threats remaining, mainly from fluctuations of their prey’s population, poaching and road kills, Salcedo Ortiz said “there is still a lot of work to do to ensure that Iberian lynx populations survive.”

World Environment Day 2024 from Dr. Susan Gardner-Director, Ecosystems Division, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Kenya.

Dr. Susan Gardner, Chair of the 2024 World Environment Day Virtual Symposium and Director of the Ecosystems Division at the United Nations Environment Programme, gave the welcoming remarks and spoke on 'Land Restoration, Desertification, and Drought Resilience' at this year's World Environment Day. Annually, professionals and well-known individuals gather for World Environment Day to exchange their insightful perspectives on environmental issues. The theme for this year's event is 'Generation Restoration.' For more information, please visit https://greeninstitute.ng/wed2024. #WED2024 #WorldEnvironmentDay

Protecting just 1.2% of Earth’s land could save most-threatened species, says study

Patrick Greenfield

THE GUARDIAN NEWS

Study identifies 16,825 sites around the world where prioritising conservation would prevent extinction of thousands of unique species

The Masungi georeserve near Manila. The Philippines is one of five countries that are home to more than half of the sites identified by the study. It is also Asia’s deadliest country for environmental defenders. Photograph: Jes Aznar/Getty

Protecting just 1.2% of the Earth’s surface for nature would be enough to prevent the extinction of the world’s most threatened species, according to a new study.

Analysis published in the journal Frontiers in Science has found that the targeted expansion of protected areas on land would be enough to prevent the loss of thousands of the mammals, birds, amphibians and plants that are closest to disappearing.

From Argentina to Papua New Guinea, the team of researchers identified 16,825 sites that should be prioritised for conservation in the next five years to prevent imminent extinctions of animals and plants found nowhere else.

Dr Eric Dinerstein, of the environmental organisation Resolve and lead author of the study, said the team were trying to identify the world’s rarest species with limited habitats, using the example of the peyote cactus, whose remaining range may be limited to small parts of the Chihuahuan desert in North America.

“Most species on Earth are rare, meaning that species either have very narrow ranges or they occur at very low densities or both,” he said.

A peyote cactus in flower, whose range is limited to parts of the Chihuahuan desert in North America. Photograph: Martin Bond/Alamy

This study is focused on how imminent extinctions can be averted, not on everything that would be needed to restore nature on Earth. Scientists say that more than expanding protected areas is needed to prevent the destruction of biodiversity and maintain ecosystems crucial to human societies. In 2020, the researchers identified half of the Earth’s land surface that, if protected, would reverse biodiversity loss and enhance natural carbon removal.

Of the sites identified, which the authors called “conservation imperatives”, 38% are within one and a half miles (2.5km) of an existing protected area, indicating that they could be potential quick wins. The Philippines, Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar and Colombia were together home to more than half of the sites.

In 2022, governments pledged to protect 30% of the planet for nature as part of the UN biodiversity targets, among more than 20 aiming to halt the rampant loss of nature around the world by the end of this decade. According to the UN, 16.6% of the world’s land surface and inland waters are protected, and many governments are in the process of deciding where to expand conservation areas.

However, the study found that governments were often failing to safeguard the biodiverse areas that were most urgently in need of protection. The authors estimated that just 7% of sites in new protected areas between 2018 and 2023 were home to the most threatened species.

Dinerstein said: “Despite the recent talk of extinction, the biodiversity crisis and what we should be doing, only 7% of the new protected areas between 2018 and 2023 overlapped with the conservation imperative sites.

“It’s almost as if countries are using a reverse-selection algorithm and picking the non-rare sites to add to the global areas under protection. The call to arms of this paper is that we have to be doing a much better job in the next five years and it is doable.”

Endangered African wild dogs in South Luangwa national park, Zambia. The species is threatened by habitat fragmentation. Photograph: Nature Picture Library/Alamy

Protecting the key sites they identify would cost $29bn-$46bn (£23bn-£36bn) over the next five years, and cover 1.6m sq km (630,000 sq miles), the researchers said. It could be done through a combination of land purchases, expanding Indigenous rights and land titles, and creating protected areas on government-owned land.

The study compared global data about mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and plants with existing protected areas, using satellite analysis to identify the remaining habitat for threatened species. Most of the areas identified for urgent protection were in the tropics but grasslands, temperate broadleaf forests and tundra were also identified.

Prof Neil Burgess, who is chief scientist at the UN Environment Programme’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre, which is responsible for monitoring global progress on expanding protected areas, said the research was a useful proposal for immediate action on extinctions.

The paper, said Burgess, was an important reminder “that achieving 30% coverage by protected and conserved areas on its own is not enough, and that it is the location, quality and effectiveness of these protected and conserved areas that will determine whether they fulfil their role in contributing to halting biodiversity loss.”

UN World Water Day 2023: Accelerating Change

Summary

In this powerful video, we are reminded of the current water crisis affecting the world and the urgent need to take action. Women from various communities in Africa are particularly affected by this crisis, spending several hours every day collecting contaminated water, which poses significant health risks to them and their families. However, this is not solely a gender or African problem, as over 663 million people worldwide consume unsafe and contaminated water, which poses a severe threat to their health and wellbeing.

The video also highlights the hope that exists, as clean water can change everything, from improving health and increasing school attendance to empowering women and boosting economies. We are encouraged to take action in our own lives, conserve water, support organizations working towards providing clean water, and advocate for policies prioritizing access to safe water and sanitation for all. The video ends with the inspiring story of the hummingbird, reminding us that we all have a role to play in addressing the water crisis. Despite feeling insignificant, we must take action and make changes in our lives to tackle the issue.

Together, our small efforts can add up to significant changes, accelerating progress and making a real difference for communities worldwide. Narrated by Adenike Akinsemolu, this video is a call to action on this #WorldWaterDay, urging us to become #OfficiallyGreen and work together to create a world where clean water is accessible to everyone, regardless of their circumstances. Join us in the fight for clean water by visiting officiallygreen.org and learning more about the crisis and how you can help.