Perception of Corruption by Institutions

1. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, Afghanistan comes 166th out of 168 counties, exceeded in corruption only by North Korea and Somalia. 

2. Nigeria was only in 136th place.

3. The least corrupt countries were found to be Denmark, Finland, Sweden and New Zealand. 

4. The United Kingdom was in 10th place, equal with Germany and Luxembourg. 

It is estimated that around one trillion US dollars is paid in bribes each year worldwide. 

6. Both Nigeria and Afghanistan have signed the UN Convention Against Corruption. Seventeen countries have not signed it.

Source: https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/669514/top-ten-facts-corruption-Tackling-Corruption-Together-conference-London

Global Access to Electricity

In 2016, the world's electricity consumption amounted to approximately 21.8 trillion kilowatt hours. One quadrillion watts is approximately equal to one petawatt.

Global consumption of electricity has increased over the last decades from 7,323 terawatt hours in 1980 to 21.8 terawatt hours In 2016 In a similar pattern.

Power consumption in China has quickly risen, reaching 6,840 terawatt hours in 2018

China is the highest consumer of electricity in the world with the United States following close behind, consuming 4,148 terawatt hours in 2016.

REFERENCES

Bilgen, S. (2014). Structure and environmental impact of global energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.004

Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C., Synnefa, A., & Kolokotsa, D. (2015). On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings - A review. Energy and Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.052

Fossil Fuels

Fact 1: All fossils fuels are the result of plant decomposition that happened millions of years ago – underwater. The most recent discovery of an untapped oil field was discovered in Alaska. The ice is thought to have covered a sea that existed millions of years ago.

Fact 2: Fossil fuels include coal, natural gas, and oil. The current statistics show that globally, fossil fuels provide for over 85% of all the energy we consume.

Fact 3: Prospecting for oil requires measuring the type of rock that is beneath the Earth’s surface. Scientist drill to remove a core sample, and then examine the strata levels to determine if there is evidence of the plant decomposition needed to have created the crude oil.

Fact 4: Crude oil is found in underground areas called reservoirs that can be turned into products such as gasoline and electricity.

Fact 5: Coal is a combustible rock that is black in color. It runs in veins through the rock beneath the surface of the Earth. Coal mines allow miners to go underground to remove the veins from the rock itself.

Fact 6: Natural gas is a form of methane. It gets trapped in pockets where plant decomposition has occurred. It can be underground, but it can also be above ground if the organic compounds in the water source are the right type. New experiments are working to discover how to harvest methane from the waste products of animals such as cows.

Fact 7: Fossil fuels are not a renewable resource even though we have not located all of the reserves there are in the world. They take millions of years to produce. It is estimated that given our current trend in consumption, and the predictive discovery of new sources of fossil fuels, the world will run out of them within 100 to 200 years.

Fact 8: Fossil fuels, when burned, can be used to generate electricity or power vehicles.

Fact 9: Fossil fuels cannot be produced by humans and must first be burned to be used as electricity.

Fact 10: Natural gas is transported to houses using underground pipelines that connect directly to the natural gas sources.

Fact 11: Fossil fuels are such a common source of energy in our world because they are so easy to convert into energy. All of them are based in hydrocarbons, which only have to be burned to release their energy.

Fact 12: Americans use about 18 millions barrels of oil everyday.

REFERENCES

Carrette, L., Friedrich, K. A., & Stimming, U. (2001). Fuel Cells - Fundamentals and Applications. Fuel Cells. https://doi.org/10.1002/1615-6854(200105)1:1<5::aid-fuce5>3.0.co;2-g

Höök, M., & Tang, X. (2013). Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change-A review. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046

Mohr, S. H., Wang, J., Ellem, G., Ward, J., & Giurco, D. (2015). Projection of world fossil fuels by country. Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.030

Shafiee, S., & Topal, E. (2009). When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.016

United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Renewable energy investment in 2018 hit USD 288.9 billion, far exceeding fossil fuel investment. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/renewable-energy-investment-2018-hit-usd-2889-billion-far-exceeding

Air Pollutant Emissions (UK vs US)

Facts

Air pollution in the UK is a major cause of diseases such as asthma, lung disease, stroke, and heart disease, and is estimated to cause forty thousand premature deaths each year, which is about 8.3% of deaths, while costing around £40 billion each year. Air pollution is monitored and regulated.

The Clean Air Act authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health by regulating the emissions of these harmful air pollutants. The NRDC has been a leading authority on this law since it was established in 1970.

FURTHER READING

Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S. T. (2002). Air pollution and health. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8

Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012

Riojas-Rodríguez, H., Romieu, I., & Hernández-Ávila, M. (2017). Air pollution. In Occupational and Environmental Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0018