Book Review: The Governance Gap: Extractive Industries, Human Rights, and the Home State Advantage, by Penelope Simons and Audrey Mackli

Chilenye Nwapi

Abstract

Penelope Simons and Audrey Macklin's book, The Governance Gap: Extractive Industries, Human Rights, and the Home State Advantage is a valuable contribution for researchers on the extraterritorial activities of the extractive sector, and in particular its impacts on the environment and human rights. The authors question what the development of domestic and international regulation would look like if governments took seriously the duty to protect human rights from the activities of their extractive sector corporations. The proposal outlined in the book will be of interest to academics, politicians, and public servants working towards establishing a governing framework aligned with the much discussed and debated United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. However, certain aspects of the authors' proposal are impracticable and not the best alternative for addressing the problem of extraterritorial wrongdoing by the extractive sector. A more comprehensive analysis of private law strategies would have benefited the readers in communicating a thorough account of this fundamentally important issue of legal regulation. Keywords: Extractive Industries, United Nations Guiding Principles, Human Rights

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Resource Extraction in the Courtroom: The Significance of Choc v. Hudbay Minerals Inc for the Future of Transnational Justice in Canada

Chilenye Nwapi

Abstract

Canada has not seen much transnational litigation along the lines of the United States Alien Tort Statute. Until the decision of the Superior Court of Ontario in Choc v Hudbay Mineral Inc., no such case had survived pretrial challenges. This article explores the significance of the Hudbay decision for the future of transnational justice in Canada. The paper argues that Hudbay is significant for its attempt to recognize a novel duty of care between Canadian corporations and local communities harmed by the activities of Canadian corporations’ subsidiaries abroad. It is also significant for the plaintiffs’ successful use of the direct liability theory. Lastly, the decision underscored the need for plaintiff lawyers to place sufficient particulars of all allegations on the pleadings, a lesson that must have been learned from the failure of the previous cases.

Keywords: Transnational litigation, transnational corporations, duty of care, corporate complicity in human rights abuses

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Jurisdiction by Necessity and the Regulation of the Transnational Corporate Actor

Chilenye Nwapi

Abstract

This article examines the feasibility of using the jurisdiction by necessity doctrine to promote the accountability of transnational corporations (TNCs) for extraterritorial human and environmental rights abuses committed in developing countries with weak accountability mechanisms. Under the doctrine, a court devoid of jurisdiction may nevertheless hear a dispute where it considers that there is no other court where the dispute may be heard or where the plaintiff may be reasonably expected to bring the action. The article analyzes the inadequacy of existing jurisdictional doctrines in light of the complex web of operations of TNCs, which shields them from the reach of traditional jurisdictional doctrines. After exploring the origin of the jurisdiction by necessity doctrine, the article critically examines the elements of the doctrine to see how they may be applied to the regulation of TNCs. The article argues that the emergence of the jurisdiction by necessity doctrine offers plaintiffs in transnational corporate human rights litigation a new jurisdictional possibility to weigh, as the doctrine has the potential to address some of the jurisdictional difficulties encountered in such litigation.

 Keywords: jurisdiction, necessity jurisdiction, transnational corporations, human rights violations, extraterritorial regulation