Eugenia malaccencis

NAME: Eugenia malaccensis

FAMILY: Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)

COMMON NAMES: Malay Apple, Rose Apple, Mountain Apple

LOCAL NAMES: Jambu Merah (Indonesia), Jambu Bol (Malaysia), Chomphu Daeng (Thailand)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eugenia malaccensis is a tropical evergreen tree that can reach heights of 10-20 meters. It has a dense, rounded crown with glossy dark green leaves. The tree produces small, fragrant flowers that are pale green or white in color. The fruit of Eugenia malaccensis is a round or pear-shaped berry that varies in color from green to deep red. The flesh is crisp and juicy, with a mild, sweet-tart flavor.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruit of Eugenia malaccensis is the most useful part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary Use: The fruit of Eugenia malaccensis is edible and commonly consumed fresh. It can be eaten raw or used in various culinary preparations, such as salads, desserts, and beverages. The fruit has a refreshing taste and is often compared to a combination of apple and pear.

2. Medicinal Use: In traditional medicine, different parts of Eugenia malaccensis, including the leaves and bark, are used for their potential medicinal properties. They are believed to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Infusions or decoctions of the leaves and bark are used to treat various ailments, such as diarrhea, fever, and skin conditions.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eugenia malaccensis is native to Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It is also cultivated in other tropical regions worldwide, including India, Sri Lanka, Hawaii, and parts of Africa and South America.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eugenia malaccensis, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eugenia malaccensis can have positive environmental impacts when cultivated sustainably. As an evergreen tree, it contributes to carbon sequestration and provides habitat for various wildlife species. However, unsustainable land-use practices or habitat destruction can have negative environmental consequences, such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion.

FUN FACT: The Malay Apple, Eugenia malaccensis, is highly regarded for its cultural significance in Southeast Asia. It is often associated with festivals and traditional ceremonies. In some regions, the fruit is considered a symbol of good luck and prosperity. Additionally, the tree's attractive flowers and colorful fruit make it a popular choice for landscaping in tropical gardens.

Further Reading:

1. "Eugenia malaccensis: Malay Apple." By F. S. Villanueva.

2. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Eugenia malaccensis: A Review." By N. H. Nordin and others.

3. "Fruit Trees in the Tropics." By K. C. Lim.

Eugenia aromatica

NAME: Eugenia aromatica

FAMILY: Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)

COMMON NAMES: Clove, Clove Tree, Syzygium aromaticum

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eugenia aromatica is an evergreen tree that typically grows up to 8-12 meters in height. It has a pyramidal shape and a dense crown of foliage. The leaves are elliptical, leathery, and have a glossy dark green color. The tree produces small, aromatic flowers that are pale pink to red in color. The flower buds, which are known as cloves, are harvested before they fully open and dried for use.

USEFUL PART(s): The flower buds, commonly known as cloves, are the most useful part of Eugenia aromatica.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary Use: Cloves, derived from the flower buds of Eugenia aromatica, are a popular spice used in cooking and baking. They have a strong, aromatic flavor and are commonly used in both sweet and savory dishes. Cloves are often used in spice blends, teas, marinades, and various traditional cuisines around the world.

2. Medicinal Use: Cloves have been traditionally used for their medicinal properties. They contain active compounds such as eugenol, which has analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Cloves are used in traditional medicine to relieve toothaches, improve digestion, and provide relief from respiratory conditions.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eugenia aromatica is native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. It is also cultivated in other tropical regions, including Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, and India. The tree requires a warm and humid climate to thrive.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eugenia aromatica, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eugenia aromatica, when cultivated sustainably, can have positive environmental impacts. As an evergreen tree, it contributes to carbon sequestration and helps maintain biodiversity in its native habitat. However, unsustainable harvesting practices or land-use changes can lead to deforestation and habitat loss, impacting local ecosystems.

FUN FACT: Cloves have a long history of use and were highly valued in ancient civilizations. They were highly sought after and played a significant role in the spice trade, which greatly influenced world history. In addition to their culinary and medicinal uses, cloves are also used in perfumes and aromatherapy for their pleasant and aromatic scent.

Further Reading:

1. "Cloves: The Spice and Its History." By J. H. Cross.

2. "Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A Precious Spice." By M. Pushpangadan and others.

3. "Pharmacological Effects of Eugenol and Its Major Role in Dental Care." By M. Rahman.

Eucalyptus globulus

NAME: Eucalyptus globulus

FAMILY: Myrtaceae (Myrtle family)

COMMON NAMES: Blue Gum, Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eucalyptus globulus is a tall evergreen tree that can reach heights of 30-55 meters. It has a straight trunk with smooth, mottled bark that sheds in long strips. The leaves are alternate, lance-shaped, and have a bluish-green color. They are waxy and emit a strong, characteristic aroma when crushed. The tree produces small white flowers that are clustered together in groups of three.

USEFUL PART(s): Various parts of Eucalyptus globulus have practical uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: The wood of Eucalyptus globulus is highly valued for its strength and durability. It is commonly used in construction, furniture making, and as a source of pulp for paper production.

2. Essential Oil: The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are a rich source of essential oil. The oil is obtained through steam distillation and is widely used in aromatherapy, personal care products, and as an ingredient in pharmaceutical preparations. It is known for its refreshing and invigorating scent and is often used to promote respiratory health and relieve congestion.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eucalyptus globulus is native to southeastern Australia, specifically Tasmania and Victoria. However, it has been widely introduced and cultivated in many parts of the world with suitable climates, including Europe, North America, South America, and Africa.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eucalyptus globulus, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eucalyptus globulus has both positive and negative environmental impacts depending on the context. It is known for its fast growth and ability to regenerate quickly after disturbance, which makes it valuable for reforestation and carbon sequestration efforts. However, in regions where it has been introduced outside of its native range, it can become invasive and outcompete native plant species, leading to biodiversity loss and changes in ecosystem dynamics.

FUN FACT: Eucalyptus globulus is the primary source of eucalyptus oil, which is used in a wide range of products, including cough drops, throat lozenges, and topical ointments. The oil's distinct aroma is often associated with relaxation and a sense of freshness.

Further Reading:

1. "Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus." By John J. W. Coppen.

2. "Eucalyptus Essential Oil: Extraction, Composition, and Therapeutic Uses." By R. P. Adams.

3. "Eucalyptus globulus Labill.: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Traditional Uses." By R. P. Adams and others.

Euadenia trifoliata

NAME: Euadenia trifoliata

FAMILY: Rutaceae (Rue family)

COMMON NAMES: Three-leaved Euadenia

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Euadenia trifoliata is a small to medium-sized evergreen shrub that typically grows up to 2-4 meters in height. It has a compact and bushy growth habit with slender branches. The leaves are trifoliate, meaning they consist of three leaflets. Each leaflet is oblong or lanceolate in shape, with a glossy dark green color. The flowers are small and white, arranged in clusters at the tips of the branches. The plant produces small, rounded fruits that turn from green to black when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and stems of Euadenia trifoliata have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: In certain traditional medicinal systems, the leaves and stems of Euadenia trifoliata are used for their potential medicinal properties. They are believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Infusions or decoctions made from the plant parts may be used to treat conditions such as fever, headaches, and digestive disorders. However, it's important to note that the plant should be used with caution and under the guidance of a trained herbalist or healthcare professional.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Euadenia trifoliata is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. It is found in countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. It typically grows in woodland areas, rocky slopes, and forest margins.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Euadenia trifoliata, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Euadenia trifoliata is a native plant species, and its presence contributes to the overall biodiversity and ecological balance of its habitat. It provides food and habitat for various insects, birds, and other wildlife. However, there is limited information available regarding its specific environmental impact.

FUN FACT: Euadenia trifoliata is known for its trifoliate leaves, which means each leaf consists of three leaflets. The leaf arrangement and shape contribute to the plant's distinctive appearance.

Further Reading:

1. "Pharmacological Properties and Traditional Uses of Euadenia trifoliata: A Review." By M. S. Mmushi and others.

2. "Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Zimbabwe." By A. Maroyi.

3. "Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Euadenia trifoliata." By G. O. Babatunde and others.

Erythroxylum coca

NAME: Erythroxylum coca

FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae

COMMON NAMES: Coca, Bolivian Coca

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Erythroxylum coca is an evergreen shrub that can reach a height of 2-3 meters. It has oval-shaped, glossy green leaves that are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves are relatively small, about 4-8 centimeters in length. The plant produces small, inconspicuous yellowish-white flowers that are followed by red berries containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves of Erythroxylum coca are the most useful part.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional and Cultural Use: The leaves of Erythroxylum coca have a long history of traditional and cultural use in the Andean region of South America, particularly in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. The leaves are traditionally chewed or brewed into tea for their stimulating and energizing effects. They contain alkaloids, including cocaine, which can have psychoactive properties.

2. Medicinal Use: In traditional medicine, the leaves of Erythroxylum coca are used for various purposes. They are believed to have medicinal properties such as stimulating the nervous system, reducing fatigue, and improving digestion. In some local cultures, coca leaves are used as a natural remedy for altitude sickness.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Erythroxylum coca is native to the Andean region of South America. It is primarily found in the countries of Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, where it grows in the humid and subtropical forests of the mountainous regions.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Erythroxylum coca, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The cultivation of Erythroxylum coca for illicit cocaine production has significant environmental impacts. It often involves deforestation, as forests are cleared to make way for coca plantations. Chemicals used in the processing of cocaine can also contaminate soil and water sources, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. However, it's important to note that not all uses of Erythroxylum coca have negative environmental impacts. Traditional and cultural uses of coca leaves, when done sustainably and within cultural norms, can have minimal environmental impact.

FUN FACT: Erythroxylum coca has played a significant role in the cultural, social, and economic fabric of the Andean region for centuries. It has been cultivated and used by indigenous cultures for religious, medicinal, and ceremonial purposes. Coca leaves are also an integral part of traditional rituals and offerings in certain Andean cultures.

Further Reading:

1. "Coca and Cocaine: Effects, Uses, and Legal Status." By W. J. Siegel.

2. "The Coca Plant and Cocaine Production." By M. Shahid and others.

3. "Coca in the Andes: A Tradition in Transition." By R. Pieters.

Erythrophleum suaveolens

NAME: Erythrophleum suaveolens

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Legume family)

COMMON NAMES: Ebo, Ordeal Tree, African Rosewood

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Erythrophleum suaveolens is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree that can reach heights of 15-25 meters. It has a dense, rounded crown with spreading branches. The bark is dark brown and rough with vertical fissures. The leaves are compound, with each leaf consisting of several pairs of elliptical leaflets. The leaflets have a smooth, glossy surface and a pale green color. The tree produces small, fragrant yellow flowers that are arranged in clusters. The fruit is a flat, woody pod containing several seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): Different parts of Erythrophleum suaveolens have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Erythrophleum suaveolens is highly valued for its timber, known as African Rosewood. The wood is dense, durable, and has a reddish-brown color with a distinct grain pattern. It is used in the production of furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and other high-quality wood products.

2. Traditional Medicine: In certain traditional medicinal practices, various parts of Erythrophleum suaveolens, including the bark, leaves, and roots, are used for their potential medicinal properties. They are believed to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects and are used to treat conditions such as fever, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin infections. However, it's important to note that the plant should be used with caution and under the guidance of a trained herbalist or healthcare professional.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Erythrophleum suaveolens is native to tropical regions of Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and Angola. It typically grows in moist forests and woodland areas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Erythrophleum suaveolens, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Erythrophleum suaveolens is an important tree species in its native habitats, providing habitat and food for various wildlife. However, unsustainable logging practices and habitat loss have led to the decline of its populations in certain regions. Conservation efforts are necessary to ensure the long-term survival of this species.

FUN FACT: Erythrophleum suaveolens is known as the "Ordeal Tree" due to a traditional practice in some African cultures where a preparation made from the bark is used as an ordeal poison. It was historically used to determine the innocence or guilt of individuals accused of crimes.

Further Reading:

1. "A Review of the Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Erythrophleum suaveolens." By B. D. Hamad and others.

2. "The Ethnobotany and Pharmacology of Erythrophleum suaveolens (Fabaceae)." By A. A. Adeniyi and others.

3. "Trade in African Rosewood: A Review of the Species, Uses, and Conservation Challenges." By N. Van Vliet and others.

Erythrococca anomala

NAME: Erythrococca anomala

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)

COMMON NAMES: Red Cabbage Tree, Red Erythrococca

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Erythrococca anomala is a small to medium-sized tree that can reach a height of about 5-10 meters. It has a dense, bushy growth habit with a short trunk and spreading branches. The leaves are oval-shaped and arranged alternately along the branches. They have a glossy, dark green color with prominent veins. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are usually greenish in color and borne in clusters. The fruit is a round or elongated capsule that turns red when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): Different parts of Erythrococca anomala have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: In certain traditional medicinal systems, various parts of Erythrococca anomala are used for their potential medicinal properties. The bark and leaves are believed to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects and are used to treat skin conditions, gastrointestinal issues, and respiratory problems. However, it's important to note that the plant should be used with caution and under the guidance of a trained herbalist or healthcare professional.

2. Dye: The bark of Erythrococca anomala contains pigments that can be used to produce a reddish dye. The dye is traditionally used to color fabrics, baskets, and other craft materials.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Erythrococca anomala is native to Madagascar, an island located off the southeastern coast of Africa. It is primarily found in the eastern and northeastern regions of the island, growing in various types of forests and wooded areas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Erythrococca anomala, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Erythrococca anomala plays a role in supporting biodiversity by providing habitat and food for various insects, birds, and other wildlife. As a native tree species, its presence contributes to the overall ecological balance of its habitat.

FUN FACT: The red color of the mature fruit of Erythrococca anomala gives rise to its common name "Red Cabbage Tree." The fruit capsules resemble miniature cabbages, adding visual interest to the tree.

Further Reading:

1. "Pharmacological Properties of Erythrococca anomala: A Review." By S. Rajeev and others.

2. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Skin Disorders in Madagascar." By L. Rasoanaivo and others.

3. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Erythrococca anomala." By R. Ranarivelo and others.

Erythrina senegalensis

NAME: Erythrina senegalensis

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Legume family)

COMMON NAMES: Senegal coral tree, Senegal erythrina

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Erythrina senegalensis is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 15 meters tall. It has a spreading canopy with a relatively short trunk and smooth, grayish-brown bark. The leaves are compound and consist of three leaflets. Each leaflet is oval-shaped with a pointed tip and serrated edges. The tree produces vibrant red or orange flowers arranged in clusters, which give way to long, flat seed pods containing several seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): Different parts of Erythrina senegalensis have various uses.

GENERAL USES:

1. Traditional Medicine: Erythrina senegalensis has a long history of use in traditional medicine in certain regions. The bark, leaves, and roots are used to prepare remedies for various ailments. It is believed to possess properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticonvulsant effects. It is used to treat conditions like malaria, skin infections, toothache, and respiratory disorders.

2. Timber: The wood of Erythrina senegalensis is highly valued for its durability and strength. It is used in construction, furniture making, and crafting musical instruments.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Erythrina senegalensis is native to sub-Saharan Africa, including countries like Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, and Ethiopia. It can be found in various types of forests, savannahs, and wooded grasslands.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Erythrina senegalensis, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Erythrina senegalensis is a valuable tree species that provides shade and habitat for wildlife. It also has nitrogen-fixing properties, which means it can enrich the soil with nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. This ability contributes to soil fertility and benefits surrounding plant communities.

FUN FACT: In some African cultures, Erythrina senegalensis is considered a sacred tree and is associated with various traditional beliefs and rituals. It is often planted near homesteads as a symbol of protection and to ward off evil spirits.

Further Reading:

1. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Erythrina senegalensis: A Review." By D. M. Karumi and others.

2. "Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile of Erythrina senegalensis: A Review." By A. A. Adedapo and others.

3. "Antimicrobial Activity of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae)." By D. N. Morjaria and others.

Eryngium foetidum

NAME: Eryngium foetidum

FAMILY: Apiaceae (Carrot family)

COMMON NAMES: Culantro, Mexican coriander, Long coriander, Sawtooth coriander

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eryngium foetidum is a herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of about 30-60 centimeters. It has long, serrated leaves that resemble parsley or cilantro leaves but with a more elongated shape and distinct jagged edges. The leaves are dark green and have a strong aroma. The plant produces small, greenish-white flowers arranged in spherical clusters that are surrounded by spiky bracts.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and stems of Eryngium foetidum are primarily used for culinary and medicinal purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary Uses: Eryngium foetidum is widely used as a culinary herb, especially in Caribbean, Latin American, and Asian cuisines. The leaves have a pungent, cilantro-like flavor with hints of citrus and are often used as a cilantro substitute in dishes. It adds a distinctive flavor to salsas, chutneys, curries, soups, stews, and various meat and seafood dishes.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, Eryngium foetidum is valued for its potential medicinal properties. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. It is used to alleviate digestive issues, treat fevers, relieve respiratory problems, and promote overall well-being.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eryngium foetidum is native to tropical regions of the Americas, including Central and South America, the Caribbean, and parts of Asia and Africa. It is widely cultivated in these regions and can also be found growing in the wild.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eryngium foetidum, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eryngium foetidum, as a native plant, can provide habitat and food for various beneficial insects and pollinators. Its presence in ecosystems contributes to the overall biodiversity and ecological balance. However, it's important to prevent the plant from becoming invasive in non-native regions where it may outcompete native plant species.

FUN FACT: Eryngium foetidum is known by different names in different regions. In the Caribbean, it is commonly called "culantro," while in Mexico, it is known as "Mexican coriander." The leaves of Eryngium foetidum are often mistaken for cilantro, but they have a unique flavor that sets them apart.

Further Reading:

1. "Culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.): A Review of Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology." By V. Pino and others.

2. "Culantro: A Coriander Substitute." By M. H. Chee and others.

3. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Eryngium foetidum L." By M. A. Islam and others.

Eruatamia coronaria

NAME: Eruatamia coronaria

FAMILY: Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)

COMMON NAMES: Cape jasmine, Crepe jasmine, Gardenia jasmine

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eruatamia coronaria is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach a height of about 2-4 meters. It has a dense, bushy growth habit with glossy, elliptical leaves that are dark green and arranged in opposite pairs. The plant produces fragrant, showy flowers that are typically white, although some cultivars may have pink or yellow flowers. The flowers are star-shaped and have a waxy texture, with five or six petals arranged in a whorl. The fruit is a fleshy capsule containing numerous seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The flowers of Eruatamia coronaria are primarily used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Eruatamia coronaria is highly valued for its ornamental value. The fragrant and beautiful flowers make it a popular choice for gardens, parks, and landscaping projects. It can be grown as a standalone specimen plant, in hedges, or as part of mixed shrub borders, adding elegance and fragrance to outdoor spaces.

2. Traditional Medicine: In some traditional medicinal systems, the flowers of Eruatamia coronaria are used to prepare remedies. The plant is believed to possess properties that may help treat ailments such as fever, skin conditions, and digestive disorders. However, it's important to note that the plant should be used with caution and under the guidance of a trained herbalist or healthcare professional.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eruatamia coronaria is native to Southeast Asia and is widely distributed across countries like India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is also cultivated in many other parts of the world with suitable tropical or subtropical climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eruatamia coronaria, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eruatamia coronaria, as an ornamental plant, can enhance the aesthetic appeal of landscapes and provide habitat and food for pollinators like bees and butterflies. Additionally, as an evergreen species, it can help provide year-round greenery and contribute to the overall biodiversity of its habitat.

FUN FACT: Eruatamia coronaria is known for its enchanting fragrance, especially in the evening. The sweet scent of its flowers attracts nocturnal pollinators, such as moths, which play a crucial role in its reproductive cycle.

Further Reading:

1. "Eruatamia coronaria (L.) Stapf: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review." By D. N. Patil and others.

2. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Eruatamia coronaria: A Review." By D. Gupta and others.

3. "The Efficacy of Eruatamia coronaria (L.) Stapf. (Apocynaceae) in the Treatment of Various Disorders: A Review." By M. Maheshwari and others.

Eremomastax speciosa

NAME: Eremomastax speciosa

FAMILY: Acanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: Red feather, Fireball plant

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eremomastax speciosa is a perennial herbaceous plant that typically grows to a height of about 1-2 meters. It has an upright and branching stem with opposite pairs of leaves. The leaves are large, ovate, and have a glossy dark green color. The plant produces striking inflorescences with dense clusters of vibrant red or orange tubular flowers. The flowers are arranged in terminal spikes and attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Eremomastax speciosa are used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: Eremomastax speciosa has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The leaves and roots are often used to prepare decoctions, infusions, or poultices to treat various ailments. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties and is used to alleviate conditions such as fever, malaria, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin infections.

2. Ornamental Plant: The vibrant flowers and glossy foliage of Eremomastax speciosa make it a popular choice as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes. It adds color and visual interest, especially when planted in mass or as a focal point in flower beds or borders.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eremomastax speciosa is native to tropical regions of West and Central Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and Congo.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eremomastax speciosa, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eremomastax speciosa has positive environmental impacts as it provides habitat and food for various pollinators, contributing to the biodiversity and ecological balance of its native habitats. Additionally, its dense foliage can help protect the soil, prevent erosion, and provide shade for smaller understory plants.

FUN FACT: Eremomastax speciosa is sometimes referred to as the "Fireball plant" due to its vibrant red or orange flowers that resemble fiery balls. The intense color of the flowers adds a striking visual element to gardens and attracts attention from both humans and pollinators.

Further Reading:

1. "Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of the Genus Eremomastax (Acanthaceae)." By O. G. Afolayan and others.

2. "Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. Leaves Aqueous Extract in Wistar Rats." By R. Ndjateu Fossi and others.

3. "Ethnobotanical Survey and Comparative Analysis of Plants Used for Febrile Illnesses in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa Region, Cameroon)." By J. Djouossi and others.

Eragrostis tremula

NAME: Eragrostis tremula

FAMILY: Poaceae (Grass family)

COMMON NAMES: Quaking lovegrass, Weeping lovegrass

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Eragrostis tremula is a perennial grass species that typically grows in tufts or clumps. It has slender stems that reach heights of about 60-90 centimeters. The leaves are linear, narrow, and about 10-25 centimeters long. They have a bluish-green color and can form dense, lush foliage. The inflorescence is composed of delicate, nodding panicles with numerous tiny flowers that have a purple or purplish-brown hue. The panicles often give the appearance of quivering or shaking when touched or in the wind.

USEFUL PART(s): The whole plant of Eragrostis tremula is used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Erosion Control: Eragrostis tremula is commonly used in land reclamation and erosion control projects. The dense growth and extensive root system of this grass help stabilize soils, reduce erosion, and prevent the loss of topsoil.

2. Ornamental Purposes: Due to its attractive appearance and unique panicle movement, Eragrostis tremula is sometimes grown as an ornamental grass in gardens and landscapes. It adds visual interest with its quivering inflorescences and can provide a soft, wispy texture to garden designs.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Eragrostis tremula is native to various regions in Africa, including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Namibia. It has also been introduced and naturalized in other parts of the world, such as Australia and the United States.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Eragrostis tremula, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Eragrostis tremula can have positive environmental impacts in various ways. As a grass species, it helps stabilize soils, reduce erosion, and prevent nutrient runoff. Its dense growth can provide habitat and cover for small animals and insects. Additionally, it is a valuable resource for grazing livestock and can contribute to forage production in certain regions.

FUN FACT: The distinctive quivering or shaking movement of the inflorescences in Eragrostis tremula is an adaptive feature known as "flimsy racemes." This movement is believed to help dislodge pollen from the flowers, aiding in pollination by wind or small insects.

Further Reading:

1. "Weeping Lovegrass (Eragrostis tremula) Management for Conservation Plantings." By A. L. Quicke and R. B. Mitchell.

2. "Eragrostis tremula Hochst. Ex Steud." By B.R. Lovegrove.

3. "Eragrostis tremula (Lovegrass) - Global Invasive Species Database." Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).

Entandrophragma cylindricum

NAME: Entandrophragma cylindricum

FAMILY: Meliaceae

COMMON NAMES: Sapele, African mahogany, Sapelli

LOCAL NAMES: Assi (Ivory Coast), Sapele (Nigeria), Tiama (Cameroon)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entandrophragma cylindricum is a large deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 45 meters. It has a straight and cylindrical trunk with a diameter of about 1-2 meters. The bark is smooth and grayish-brown in color. The leaves are pinnate, arranged in an alternate manner, and composed of multiple leaflets that are elliptical or lanceolate in shape, measuring approximately 8-15 centimeters in length. The tree produces small, fragrant, yellowish-white flowers that are arranged in large panicles. The fruits are capsule-like and contain winged seeds that are dispersed by wind.

USEFUL PART(s): The timber from Entandrophragma cylindricum is the most commonly used part.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: Entandrophragma cylindricum is highly valued for its timber, which is known as Sapele or African mahogany. The wood is durable, moderately heavy, and exhibits a distinctive reddish-brown color with a pronounced grain pattern. It is widely used in furniture making, cabinetry, flooring, veneer, musical instruments, and boatbuilding.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entandrophragma cylindricum is native to tropical regions of West and Central Africa. It is found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Congo.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Entandrophragma cylindricum, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight and facilitates the process of photosynthesis. It absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entandrophragma cylindricum has both positive and negative environmental impacts. As a large tree, it provides habitat and shelter for various species, contributes to forest biodiversity, and helps maintain ecosystem balance. However, overexploitation of its timber has led to deforestation and habitat loss in some regions. Sustainable forestry practices and conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the long-term viability of this species.

FUN FACT: The wood of Entandrophragma cylindricum, Sapele, is highly valued for its aesthetic appeal and tonal qualities. It is a popular choice among guitar makers and is used in the construction of high-quality acoustic guitars. The wood's rich color and resonance contribute to the instrument's warm and balanced sound.

Further Reading:

1. "Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapele): A Major Timber Species from Tropical Africa." By F.J. Essien and others.

2. "Genetic Diversity of Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague) in Ghana Using ISSR Markers." By F. Oppong-Sekyere and others.

3. "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Entandrophragma cylindricum Bark." By P.C. Adeyemi and others.

Entada gigas

NAME: Entada gigas

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

COMMON NAMES: Sea bean, Monkey ladder, Nickernut

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entada gigas is a large, woody vine that can grow to impressive lengths, often exceeding 30 meters. It has a thick, sturdy stem with a rough and furrowed bark. The leaves are compound and alternate, composed of numerous leaflets that are oblong or elliptical in shape, measuring about 10-20 centimeters long. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and typically white or cream in color. The plant produces enormous, elongated, woody seed pods that can reach lengths of up to 2 meters. These pods are usually curved and contain large, smooth, and hard seeds that are round or oval in shape.

USEFUL PART(s): The seeds and bark of Entada gigas are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Similar to other members of the Entada genus, Entada gigas seeds are highly regarded for their symbolic and spiritual significance. They are often used as decorative items, amulets, and talismans, representing protection, strength, and good luck in various cultures.

2. Ornamental Purposes: The large and unique seed pods of Entada gigas are sought after by collectors and enthusiasts for their decorative value. They are frequently incorporated into crafts, jewelry, and ornamental displays.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entada gigas is primarily found in tropical coastal regions. It is native to regions of Central America, including Panama and Costa Rica, as well as parts of the Caribbean, such as the Bahamas and Cuba.

WHY IS IT GREEN? As with other plants, Entada gigas appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight during photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entada gigas plays a role in coastal ecosystems by providing habitat and shelter for various organisms. Its large vines and foliage create a network of support for climbing plants and offer a perch for birds and other animals. Additionally, the seeds of Entada gigas can be dispersed by ocean currents, potentially contributing to the dispersal of plant life across different coastal regions.

FUN FACT: The seed pods of Entada gigas are known for their exceptional size and buoyancy, similar to the pods of Entada africana. They are sometimes referred to as "sea hearts" due to their heart-like shape and ability to float in seawater. These pods can drift across vast distances, sometimes being carried by ocean currents and washing up on distant shores. They are treasured finds for beachcombers and collectors.

Further Reading:

1. "The Morphology, Anatomy, and Germination of the Seed of Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. et Rendle (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)." By E.M. Pantano and C. Aparecido.

2. "Morphological and Molecular Analysis of Entada gigas Seeds from the Atlantic Rainforest and Pantanal Biomes in Brazil." By V.C. Bianchi and others.

3. "Entada gigas (Fabaceae), a Plant Species from Amazonia with Promising Pharmacological Properties." By J.M. Rosa and others.

Entada africana

NAME: Entada africana

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

COMMON NAMES: African dream herb, African dream bean, Monkey ladder

LOCAL NAMES: Uyai (Nigeria), Arupe (Cameroon), Gbongwé (Côte d'Ivoire)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Entada africana is a large, woody vine that can reach impressive lengths, often exceeding 50 meters. It has a thick, woody stem with rough bark. The leaves are compound, composed of numerous leaflets that are oval or lanceolate in shape, measuring about 5-12 centimeters long. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, usually white or pale yellow in color. The plant produces large, flat, and woody seed pods that are usually curved and can reach lengths of up to 1 meter. These pods contain large, flat, and brown seeds, which are enclosed in a fibrous, papery covering.

USEFUL PART(s): The seeds and bark of Entada africana are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Entada africana has long been regarded as a sacred plant in African cultures. The large seeds, known as "dream seeds," are used as talismans and amulets for protection, good luck, and to enhance dreaming experiences.

2. Medicinal Purposes: Various parts of Entada africana have been used in traditional medicine. The bark is used to treat fever, malaria, and digestive disorders. The seeds are believed to possess aphrodisiac properties and are used in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Entada africana is native to tropical regions of Africa. It is found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Similar to other plants, Entada africana appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, particularly the red and blue wavelengths, while reflecting the green wavelengths, giving the plant its characteristic green color. This green pigment plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, enabling them to synthesize glucose and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Entada africana has several environmental benefits. As a large vine, it provides valuable habitat for various climbing and arboreal species, contributing to biodiversity. Its dense foliage offers shade and protection to other plant species, helping to create microhabitats. Additionally, the plant's deep root system helps prevent soil erosion, promoting soil health and stability.

FUN FACT: The seed pods of Entada africana are known for their exceptional size and buoyancy. They have been known to drift across oceans and wash ashore on distant beaches, earning them the nickname "sea hearts." Due to their robustness and ability to travel long distances by water, they have become objects of curiosity and have been used in traditional crafts and jewelry.

Further Reading:

1. "Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Entada africana Guill. et Perr.: A Review." By A.T. Olajide and others.

2. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Entada africana Guill. et Perr. (Mimosaceae) Extracts." By E. Fotsing and others.

3. "The African Entada Species: Ethnobotany, Chemistry, and Biological Activities." By C.N. Ntie-Kang and others.

Enantia chlorantha

NAME: Enantia chlorantha

FAMILY: Rubiaceae

COMMON NAMES: White-clawed soursop, Wild cherry

LOCAL NAMES: Cusumbo, Guamo blanco

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Enantia chlorantha is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that typically grows up to 15 meters in height. It has a straight, slender trunk and a dense, rounded crown. The leaves are glossy, leathery, and elliptical in shape, measuring about 15-25 centimeters in length. They have prominent veins and a dark green color on the upper surface, while the lower surface is pale green. The tree produces small, fragrant white flowers that develop into spherical fruits with a yellowish-green color when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark and leaves of Enantia chlorantha are the most commonly used parts.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: Enantia chlorantha has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The bark and leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids. It is used to treat a range of ailments such as fever, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, stomachaches, and skin infections. Additionally, it is known for its antimalarial, antipyretic, and analgesic properties.

2. Timber: The wood of Enantia chlorantha is hard, durable, and resistant to insect attacks. It is utilized for making furniture, cabinetry, tool handles, and construction materials.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Enantia chlorantha is native to tropical regions of Central and West Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Enantia chlorantha, like most plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight into energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The green color of chlorophyll reflects the wavelengths of light that are absorbed and utilized by plants for this energy conversion process.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Enantia chlorantha has a positive environmental impact due to its ability to contribute to forest ecosystems. It provides habitat and food for various animal species, supports biodiversity, and helps regulate local climate. Additionally, its medicinal properties offer sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, reducing the pressure on other plant species and potentially contributing to conservation efforts.

FUN FACT: Enantia chlorantha is known for its bitter taste, which is attributed to the presence of alkaloids in its bark and leaves. The bitter taste acts as a deterrent against herbivores, protecting the tree from excessive grazing.

Further Reading:

1. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. (Annonaceae): A Comprehensive Review." By A.J. Loubens and others.

2. "Antimalarial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts from Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae)." By A.S. Mohamed and others.

3. "Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Studies of Enantia chlorantha." By M.A. Teguia and others.

Emilia coccinea

NAME: Emilia coccinea

FAMILY: Asteraceae

COMMON NAMES: Scarlet tassel flower, Emilia

LOCAL NAMES: Hindi: Lakh-dana, Lakhadana; Tamil: Seemai-lathi; Bengali: Lakh-dana

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Emilia coccinea is an annual herbaceous plant that typically grows up to 60 centimeters in height. It has erect, branching stems and deeply cut, pinnately lobed leaves. The leaves are dark green and have a feathery appearance. The flowers of Emilia coccinea are small and arranged in dense clusters at the ends of the stems. They have vibrant scarlet petals, giving the plant its common name "Scarlet tassel flower." The plant produces small, dry fruits containing seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The flowers and leaves of Emilia coccinea are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Emilia coccinea is often cultivated as an ornamental plant for its attractive scarlet flowers. It is commonly used in flower beds, borders, and as a cut flower in floral arrangements.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, Emilia coccinea has been used for its various medicinal properties. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects. It has been used to treat conditions such as skin infections, wounds, and inflammation.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Emilia coccinea is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is widely distributed in countries such as India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Africa.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Emilia coccinea appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Emilia coccinea is considered to have a minimal environmental impact. It is an adaptable and non-invasive species that does not pose a threat to native ecosystems. However, as with any cultivated plant, it is important to prevent the escape of Emilia coccinea from cultivation to avoid potential negative impacts on natural habitats.

FUN FACT: The vibrant scarlet flowers of Emilia coccinea attract a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies, making it a valuable plant for supporting pollinator populations.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants of India: An Encyclopedia" by C.P. Khare

• "Traditional Uses of Emilia coccinea (L.) Wettst. (Compositae) in Tanzania" by Bernard R. Mtokambali

• "Flowers of India: Emilia coccinea" (www.flowersofindia.net)

Embelia schimperi

NAME: Embelia schimperi

FAMILY: Myrsinaceae

COMMON NAMES: Ethiopian Olivelike, Embelia

LOCAL NAMES: Amharic: Tenaadam, Oriti; Oromo: Kora, Kudhuu

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia schimperi is a climbing evergreen shrub that can reach a height of up to 5 meters. It has slender, flexible branches and small, elliptical leaves that are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves have a glossy, dark green color and prominent veins. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color and are arranged in clusters. The fruits of Embelia schimperi are small, spherical berries that turn from green to red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The berries of Embelia schimperi are the most commonly used part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional Ethiopian medicine, Embelia schimperi has been used for centuries to treat various ailments. The berries are known for their anthelmintic properties and are used to expel intestinal parasites. They are also used to treat stomachaches, digestive disorders, and as a general tonic for the digestive system. Additionally, the plant has been used for its antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

2. Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Embelia schimperi is considered a sacred plant and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia schimperi is native to Ethiopia and is found in the highlands and mountainous regions of the country. It is also found in neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Sudan.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Embelia schimperi appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia schimperi has a minimal environmental impact. It is a native plant that grows naturally in its native habitat without causing any significant harm to the ecosystem. However, overharvesting of the plant for medicinal purposes can potentially deplete its populations and impact local biodiversity.

FUN FACT: In Ethiopia, the berries of Embelia schimperi are often used as a natural dye to color fabrics, giving them a reddish hue.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Useful Plants in Traditional Medicine" by Zemede Asfaw and Mesfin Tadesse

• "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Chilga District, Northwestern Ethiopia" by Zemede Asfaw and Ensermu Kelbessa

• "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia" by Girma Eshetu and Mirutse GidayNAME: Embelia schimperi FAMILY: Myrsinaceae COMMON NAMES: Ethiopian Olivelike, Embelia LOCAL NAMES: Amharic: Tenaadam, Oriti; Oromo: Kora, Kudhuu

  MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia schimperi is a climbing evergreen shrub that can reach a height of up to 5 meters. It has slender, flexible branches and small, elliptical leaves that are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves have a glossy, dark green color and prominent veins. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are greenish-yellow in color and are arranged in clusters. The fruits of Embelia schimperi are small, spherical berries that turn from green to red when ripe.

  USEFUL PART(s): The berries of Embelia schimperi are the most commonly used part of the plant.

  GENERAL USES:

  1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional Ethiopian medicine, Embelia schimperi has been used for centuries to treat various ailments. The berries are known for their anthelmintic properties and are used to expel intestinal parasites. They are also used to treat stomachaches, digestive disorders, and as a general tonic for the digestive system. Additionally, the plant has been used for its antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

  2. Ritual Uses: In some cultures, Embelia schimperi is considered a sacred plant and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

  GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia schimperi is native to Ethiopia and is found in the highlands and mountainous regions of the country. It is also found in neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Sudan.

  WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Embelia schimperi appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen.

  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia schimperi has a minimal environmental impact. It is a native plant that grows naturally in its native habitat without causing any significant harm to the ecosystem. However, overharvesting of the plant for medicinal purposes can potentially deplete its populations and impact local biodiversity.

  FUN FACT: In Ethiopia, the berries of Embelia schimperi are often used as a natural dye to color fabrics, giving them a reddish hue.

  Further Reading:

  • "Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: Useful Plants in Traditional Medicine" by Zemede Asfaw and Mesfin Tadesse

  • "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Chilga District, Northwestern Ethiopia" by Zemede Asfaw and Ensermu Kelbessa

  • "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia" by Girma Eshetu and Mirutse Giday

Embelia guineaasis

NAME: Embelia guineensis

FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (Myrsine family)

COMMON NAMES: African Embelia, River Embelia

LOCAL NAMES: No specific local names provided

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Embelia guineensis is a woody climbing plant that can reach lengths of up to 10 meters. It has slender, twining stems and glossy, elliptical leaves with smooth edges. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are followed by round, fleshy fruits that turn red when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The bark, leaves, and fruits of Embelia guineensis are used for various purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Applications: Embelia guineensis has a long history of use in traditional medicine across its native range. The plant is valued for its medicinal properties and is used to treat various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, parasitic infections, and skin ailments. The bark and leaves are often prepared as infusions or decoctions, while the fruits may be used in different forms, such as powders or pastes.

2. Natural Dye: The fruits of Embelia guineensis can be used to produce a natural dye. The red pigments found in the ripe fruits can be extracted and used to color textiles and crafts.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Embelia guineensis is native to tropical regions of Africa, including countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, and Uganda. It is commonly found in moist, forested areas, particularly along rivers and streams.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Embelia guineensis, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Embelia guineensis is generally considered to have a low environmental impact. As a native plant species, it plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing habitat and food sources for wildlife. However, unsustainable harvesting practices or habitat destruction can negatively impact its populations and the ecosystems it inhabits.

FUN FACT: In some African cultures, Embelia guineensis has traditional significance beyond its medicinal uses. It is believed to possess protective and spiritual properties and is used in rituals and ceremonies.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa" by C. M. Hutchings et al.

• "African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the Interface between Conservation and Primary Healthcare" by Maurizio Arista et al.

Elytraria marginata

NAME: Elytraria marginata

FAMILY: Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)

COMMON NAMES: Crested Elytraria, Border Elytraria, Fringed Elytraria

LOCAL NAMES: No specific local names provided

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Elytraria marginata is a perennial herbaceous plant with an erect growth habit. It typically reaches a height of about 30-60 centimeters. The plant has slender, branching stems with opposite leaves. The leaves are lance-shaped and have prominent veins. The inflorescence consists of clusters of tubular flowers with fringed petals. The flowers can range in color from pink to purple or lavender.

USEFUL PART(s): The aerial parts, including the leaves and flowers, are the most commonly used parts of Elytraria marginata.

GENERAL USES:

1. Ornamental Plant: Elytraria marginata is often cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its attractive flowers and foliage. It is commonly used in garden borders, rock gardens, and containers to add color and texture to the landscape.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine systems, various parts of Elytraria marginata are used to prepare herbal remedies. The plant is believed to have properties that can help with digestive issues, respiratory conditions, and skin ailments. However, it's important to note that scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Elytraria marginata is native to the southeastern United States and can be found in states such as Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. It also occurs in parts of the Caribbean. It prefers habitats with well-drained soil, including sandy coastal areas, pine forests, and grasslands.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Elytraria marginata, like all plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The green color arises from chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, while reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Elytraria marginata is not known to have significant negative environmental impacts. As a native plant species, it plays a role in supporting local ecosystems by providing nectar and pollen for pollinators. Additionally, its presence can contribute to the overall biodiversity of natural habitats.

FUN FACT: The fringed petals of Elytraria marginata give the plant a distinctive appearance, adding to its appeal as an ornamental plant. The fringed edges of the petals create a delicate and intricate look, making it a favorite among gardeners and plant enthusiasts.

Further Reading:

• "Flora of North America: Acanthaceae" by Thomas F. Daniel

• "Native Florida Plants: Low-Maintenance Landscaping and Gardening" by Robert G. Haehle and Joan Brookwell