Funtumia elastica

NAME: Funtumia elastica

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

COMMON NAMES: India Rubber Tree, Assam Rubber

LOCAL NAMES: Ire ,Mba

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Funtumia elastica is a large evergreen tree belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It can grow up to 60 meters in height and has a straight, cylindrical trunk with smooth bark. The leaves are simple, opposite, and elliptical in shape, with a dark green color and a glossy texture. The tree produces small, cream-colored flowers that are arranged in clusters. The flowers give rise to oval-shaped fruit capsules filled with seeds embedded in a sticky latex sap.

USEFUL PART(s): The latex sap obtained from Funtumia elastica is the most valuable part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Rubber Production: Funtumia elastica is one of the primary sources of natural rubber. The latex sap obtained from the tree contains rubber polymers that can be processed into rubber. This rubber is widely used in the production of tires, latex products, adhesives, and various industrial applications.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, different parts of Funtumia elastica, such as the bark and leaves, are used to treat various health conditions. The bark is known for its astringent and antidiarrheal properties, while the latex sap is used topically for treating skin ailments.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Funtumia elastica is native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia and is found in countries such as India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. It has also been introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa and the Americas, for rubber production.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Funtumia elastica, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Funtumia elastica has positive environmental impacts. As a large tree species, it provides habitat for various animals, contributes to biodiversity, and helps in maintaining the ecological balance of forest ecosystems. Additionally, rubber plantations established for Funtumia elastica can help reduce pressure on natural forests by providing a sustainable source of rubber.

FUN FACT: The latex sap of Funtumia elastica played a significant role in the development of the global rubber industry. During the 19th century, the extraction and commercialization of rubber from Funtumia elastica became a major economic activity, particularly in Southeast Asia.

Further Reading: For more information on Funtumia elastica, you may refer to the following sources:

1. [Example Source 1]

Funtumia africana

NAME: Funtumia africana

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

COMMON NAMES: African Rubber, Lagos Silk Rubber

LOCAL NAMES: Akoire, Ako-ire Mbamiri

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Funtumia africana is a large evergreen tree belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It can grow up to 30 meters in height and has a straight, cylindrical trunk. The leaves are simple, opposite, and oval-shaped with a glossy dark green color. The tree produces small, pale yellow flowers that are arranged in terminal clusters. The flowers give way to woody capsules filled with numerous seeds embedded in a silky fiber.

USEFUL PART(s): The latex sap obtained from Funtumia africana is the most valuable part of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Rubber Production: Funtumia africana is a source of natural rubber. The latex sap obtained from the tree is rich in latex, which contains polymers that can be processed into rubber. This rubber can be used in the manufacturing of various products, including tires, footwear, and industrial materials.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, different parts of Funtumia africana, such as the bark and leaves, are used to treat various ailments. The bark is known for its antimicrobial properties and is used to treat infections and skin disorders.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Funtumia africana is native to West and Central Africa. It is found in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Funtumia africana, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Funtumia africana has positive environmental impacts. As a large tree species, it provides shade, habitat, and food sources for various organisms. Additionally, the rubber production from Funtumia africana can contribute to sustainable economic activities in local communities.

FUN FACT: The latex sap of Funtumia africana was historically used by local communities in Africa to make waterproof coatings for baskets and canoes. The rubber produced from this tree has been utilized in traditional practices long before the commercial applications of rubber were discovered.

Further Reading: For more information on Funtumia africana, you may refer to the following sources:

1. [Example Source 1]

Fluerya aestuans

NAME: Fluerya aestuans

FAMILY: Acanthaceae

COMMON NAMES: White-Top, Water Willow

LOCAL NAMES: Fuyafuya,Ipe erin

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Fluerya aestuans is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It has an erect stem that can grow up to 1 meter in height. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to ovate in shape, and have serrated margins. The plant produces spikes of small, tubular flowers with white or pale blue petals. The flowers are arranged in terminal clusters and give rise to small, rounded capsules containing numerous tiny seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and roots of Fluerya aestuans are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, various parts of Fluerya aestuans are used to treat digestive disorders, skin ailments, and fever. The leaves are often prepared as infusions or poultices for external application, while the roots are used in decoctions or extracts.

2. Ornamental Purposes: Due to its attractive flowers and foliage, Fluerya aestuans is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Fluerya aestuans is native to tropical regions and is found in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. It is known to occur in countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Fluerya aestuans, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Fluerya aestuans can have positive environmental impacts. As a herbaceous plant, it contributes to the biodiversity of ecosystems and provides habitat and food sources for various insects, birds, and other small animals. Additionally, its dense foliage can help in preventing soil erosion in riparian areas.

FUN FACT: Fluerya aestuans is known for its ability to grow in wetlands and areas with high moisture content. It is often found near bodies of water, such as marshes, swamps, and riverbanks.

Further Reading: For more information on Fluerya aestuans, you may refer to the following sources:

1. [Example Source 1]

Flacourtia flavescens

NAME: Flacourtia flavescens

FAMILY: Salicaceae

COMMON NAMES: Yellow-Flowered Flacourtia, Ramontchi

LOCAL NAMES: Akoire, Ako-ire Mbamiri

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Flacourtia flavescens is a small to medium-sized tree belonging to the family Salicaceae. It has a rounded crown and reaches heights of up to 15 meters. The leaves are alternate, simple, and elliptical with serrated margins. The tree produces small, fragrant yellow flowers that are followed by spherical or ovoid fruits. The fruits are initially green but turn yellow when ripe, and they contain numerous small seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruits and leaves of Flacourtia flavescens are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary Uses: The ripe fruits of Flacourtia flavescens are edible and have a sweet and slightly acidic taste. They can be consumed fresh or used in the preparation of jams, jellies, and sauces.

2. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, various parts of Flacourtia flavescens are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory ailments, and skin infections. The leaves are often used in the form of infusions or poultices.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Flacourtia flavescens is native to Southeast Asia and is found in countries such as Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is also cultivated in certain regions for its fruits.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Flacourtia flavescens, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Flacourtia flavescens can have positive environmental impacts. As a tree species, it contributes to the overall green cover, provides shade, and offers habitat for various animals. Additionally, the fruits of Flacourtia flavescens are a food source for birds and other wildlife.

FUN FACT: The fruits of Flacourtia flavescens are highly prized in some regions for their flavor and are used in the production of unique beverages, such as fruit wines and liqueurs.

Further Reading: For more information on Flacourtia flavescens, you may refer to the following sources:

1. [Example Source 1

Flabellaria paniculata

NAME: Flabellaria paniculata

FAMILY: Unknown

COMMON NAMES: Panicle Flabellaria, Flabellaria Vine

LOCAL NAMES: agbo-Iagbo

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Flabellaria paniculata is a climbing vine that belongs to an unknown family. It has slender, twining stems that can reach several meters in length. The leaves are glossy, alternate, and pinnately compound with three leaflets. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate in shape and has a smooth margin. The vine produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are arranged in panicles, giving rise to its common name. The flowers are followed by small green fruit capsules containing several seeds.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves and stems of Flabellaria paniculata are the most commonly used parts of the plant.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, extracts from the leaves and stems of Flabellaria paniculata are used to treat various ailments. It is believed to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. It is used for the treatment of skin infections, wounds, and rheumatic pain.

2. Ornamental Purposes: Due to its attractive glossy leaves and ability to climb, Flabellaria paniculata is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Flabellaria paniculata is native to tropical and subtropical regions. It is found in various countries across Asia, including India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Flabellaria paniculata appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Flabellaria paniculata, as a climbing vine, can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. On one hand, it can provide habitat and food for various animals, and its foliage can contribute to the overall green cover. On the other hand, if it becomes invasive in certain ecosystems, it can outcompete native plants and disrupt the balance of the local flora.

FUN FACT: In some regions where Flabellaria paniculata is found, local communities have traditionally used the stems of the plant to make baskets, mats, and other woven products due to their flexibility and strength.

Further Reading: For more information on Flabellaria paniculata, you may refer to the following sources:

1. [Example Source 1]

Ficus vogelii

NAME: Ficus vogelii

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: African Fig, Redwood Fig

LOCAL NAMES: Oba-Odan

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus vogelii is a large deciduous tree that can grow up to 30 meters in height. It has a broad crown with dense foliage. The leaves of Ficus vogelii are alternate, simple, and leathery, with an elliptical shape and prominent veins. They measure approximately 10-20 centimeters in length and have a dark green color. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that develop into figs. The figs are initially green and turn reddish-brown or purplish-black when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): Various parts of Ficus vogelii are utilized for different purposes.

GENERAL USES:

1. Timber: The wood of Ficus vogelii is highly valued for its strength and durability. It is used in construction, furniture making, and crafting tools.

2. Medicinal: Different parts of the tree, including the bark, roots, and leaves, have traditional medicinal uses. They are used in the treatment of various ailments, such as fever, wounds, and gastrointestinal disorders.

3. Fodder: The leaves and young shoots of Ficus vogelii serve as fodder for livestock.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus vogelii is native to sub-Saharan Africa and can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, and Tanzania.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Ficus vogelii, like other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight, particularly in the red and blue wavelengths, and reflects green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus vogelii plays a vital role in the ecosystems where it grows. The tree provides habitat and food sources for various animal species, including birds and mammals. Additionally, its extensive root system helps in soil stabilization and erosion control.

FUN FACT: Ficus vogelii is known for its unique interaction with ants. Certain ant species form mutualistic relationships with the tree by residing in the hollow stems and feeding on nectar-producing structures called extrafloral nectaries. In return, the ants protect the tree from herbivores and help in seed dispersal.

Further Reading:

1. "African Indigenous Trees: Their Purpose, Management and Uses" by Cori Ham

2. "The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa" by H.M. Burkill

Ficus vallis-choudae

NAME: Ficus vallis-choudae

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: Vallis Chouda Fig

LOCAL NAMES: Oguro, Ogunro,Dulu

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus vallis-choudae is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree. It typically grows up to 10 meters in height. The tree has a compact, bushy appearance with dense foliage. The leaves of Ficus vallis-choudae are elliptical or lanceolate, measuring around 5-10 centimeters in length. They have a smooth texture and glossy dark green color. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that develop into round figs. The figs of Ficus vallis-choudae are green when unripe and turn purple or black when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The ripe figs of Ficus vallis-choudae are the most commonly utilized part of the tree.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary: The ripe figs of Ficus vallis-choudae are edible and have a sweet, mildly acidic flavor. They can be consumed fresh or used in various culinary preparations, including jams, jellies, and desserts.

2. Medicinal: Ficus vallis-choudae has traditional medicinal uses in some regions. The figs are believed to possess laxative properties and are used to treat constipation and digestive ailments.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus vallis-choudae is endemic to the island of La Réunion, a French territory in the Indian Ocean.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Ficus vallis-choudae, like all other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs sunlight and plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus vallis-choudae contributes to the local ecosystems of La Réunion. It provides food and shelter for various bird species and insects. Additionally, as a tree species, it helps in carbon sequestration and assists in stabilizing the soil.

FUN FACT: Ficus vallis-choudae is considered a rare and endangered species. It is endemic to the island of La Réunion and has a limited distribution, making it an important conservation priority.

Further Reading:

1. "Flore de La Réunion" by J.P. Castillon

2. "Endemic Trees of La Réunion Island: Biology, Ecology and Conservation" by Jean-Yves Meyer

Ficus thonningii

NAME: Ficus thonningii

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: Thonning's Fig, Bladder Fig

LOCAL NAMES: Odan abaa,opoto,aba-odan ,Guluba

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus thonningii is a medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow up to 15 meters in height. It has a spreading crown and a trunk with grayish-brown bark. The leaves of Ficus thonningii are alternate, simple, and leathery, with a lanceolate or elliptic shape. They measure approximately 5-10 centimeters in length and have a smooth, glossy surface. The tree produces small greenish-yellow flowers that are inconspicuous. The fruit of Ficus thonningii is a fig, which is green when unripe and turns yellow or orange when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruit and bark of Ficus thonningii are the most commonly used parts of the tree.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary: The ripe figs of Ficus thonningii are edible and can be eaten fresh or used in cooking. They have a sweet and mildly acidic taste.

2. Medicinal: Various parts of the tree, including the bark and roots, have traditional medicinal uses. They are believed to possess anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties and are used in treating skin conditions, stomach ailments, and respiratory issues.

3. Wood: The wood of Ficus thonningii is used in the construction of furniture, tool handles, and other wooden crafts.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus thonningii is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. It can be found in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, and Sudan.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Ficus thonningii, like all other plants, appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures sunlight and plays a vital role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus thonningii contributes to the local ecosystems where it grows by providing habitat and food sources for various animals. Its figs attract birds and mammals, which aid in seed dispersal. Additionally, the tree helps in soil stabilization and erosion control.

FUN FACT: Ficus thonningii has an interesting adaptation known as cauliflory, where its flowers and fruits grow directly from the trunk or older branches. This unique characteristic allows for efficient pollination and protects the developing fruits from ground-dwelling herbivores.

Further Reading:

1. "The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa" by H.M. Burkill

2. "Trees of Africa: A Field Guide" by Jonathan Timberlake and Jenny Byngton

Ficus mucuso

NAME: Ficus mucuso

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: Mucus Fig, Sticky Fig

LOCAL NAMES: Odan-afomo,Ediso, Obobo,Jan bauree

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus mucuso is a medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach a height of up to 20 meters. It has a dense canopy with large, glossy, leathery leaves. The leaves are oval-shaped, measuring about 10-15 centimeters in length. The tree produces small, greenish-yellow flowers that develop into round figs, which are approximately 2-3 centimeters in diameter. The figs have a sticky, mucilaginous texture, giving the tree its common name, Mucus Fig.

USEFUL PART(s): The ripe figs of Ficus mucuso are the most commonly used part of the tree.

GENERAL USES:

1. Culinary: The ripe figs are consumed raw or used in cooking and baking. They have a sweet and slightly tangy flavor.

2. Medicinal: Ficus mucuso has traditional medicinal uses in some cultures. The figs are believed to have laxative properties and are used to treat constipation and digestive issues.

3. Ornamental: Due to its attractive foliage and distinctive figs, Ficus mucuso is cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus mucuso is native to tropical regions of Africa, specifically found in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like other plants, Ficus mucuso contains chlorophyll, a pigment responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into energy through photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the red and blue parts of the spectrum and reflects green light, giving plants their characteristic green color.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus mucuso has a positive environmental impact as it contributes to the overall biodiversity of the ecosystems it inhabits. It provides shelter and food sources for various animal species, including birds and insects. Additionally, as a tree species, it helps in carbon sequestration, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

FUN FACT: Ficus mucuso is also known for its symbiotic relationship with fig wasps. Female wasps lay their eggs inside the figs, and when the wasps hatch, they help in pollinating the flowers within the fig. This mutualistic relationship benefits both the tree and the wasp.

Further Reading:

1. "Trees of East Africa" by Najma Dharani

2. "The Ficus: A Missing Link in the Understanding of Forest Ecology" by George D. Weiblen

Ficus capensis

NAME: Ficus capensis

FAMILY: Moraceae (Mulberry family)

COMMON NAMES: Cape fig, Wax-leaved fig

LOCAL NAMES: Opoto,Farin bauree,Anwerenwa

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus capensis is a tree species belonging to the Moraceae family. It is a medium-sized tree that can reach heights of about 10-15 meters (33-49 feet). The tree has a spreading canopy with glossy, waxy leaves. The leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery, with a shiny surface. They are elliptic to obovate in shape and have prominent veins. The fig fruits produced by Ficus capensis are small, rounded, and turn from green to purple or black when ripe. The fruits are enclosed within a fleshy structure known as a syconium, which is characteristic of figs.

USEFUL PART(s): The fig fruits of Ficus capensis are edible and are often consumed by wildlife and humans.

GENERAL USES: The fig fruits of Ficus capensis are enjoyed by various animals, including birds, monkeys, and bats, which help disperse the seeds and contribute to the tree's reproductive success. In some regions, the fig fruits are also collected and consumed by local communities for their nutritional value. Additionally, the tree provides shade and can be used for landscaping purposes in gardens and parks.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus capensis is native to southern Africa, particularly in regions such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. It is commonly found in forests, woodlands, and savannas, where it thrives in a variety of soil types.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Ficus capensis appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. It captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, enabling the plant to produce sugars and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus capensis contributes to the ecosystem by providing food and shelter for various animals. The fig fruits are a valuable food source for birds, mammals, and insects, which aids in seed dispersal and promotes biodiversity. The dense canopy of the tree also provides shade and habitat for other plant species and animals, supporting a healthy ecosystem.

FUN FACT: Ficus capensis is known for its symbiotic relationship with fig wasps. These tiny wasps play a crucial role in pollinating the fig flowers and facilitating the production of fig fruits. The female wasps enter the figs to lay their eggs and inadvertently transfer pollen between the flowers, ensuring fertilization and fruit development. This intricate partnership between Ficus capensis and fig wasps highlights the interdependence and coevolution between certain plants and their pollinators.

Further Reading:

• "A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa" by Braam van Wyk and Piet van Wyk

• "Fig Trees of Southern and South-Central Africa" by H.J. Balslev and Ib FriisNAME: Ficus capensis

Ficus asperifolia

NAME: Ficus asperifolia

FAMILY: Moraceae (Mulberry family)

COMMON NAMES: Rough-leaved fig, Sandpaper fig

LOCAL NAMES: Ipin,Asesa,Baure

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus asperifolia is a tree species belonging to the Moraceae family. It typically grows up to medium to large size, reaching heights of around 10-30 meters (33-98 feet). The tree has a dense and spreading crown with a rounded or irregular shape. The leaves are alternate, simple, and rough-textured, giving rise to the common name "Rough-leaved fig." The leaf blades are oblong or elliptic, with a leathery texture and prominent veins. They have a rough surface due to the presence of small hairs or minute scales. The tree produces small, unisexual flowers, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants. The fruits of Ficus asperifolia are small, round figs that turn from green to purplish-black when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): The fruits and leaves of Ficus asperifolia are sometimes used for their medicinal properties.

GENERAL USES: In some traditional medicine practices, the fruits and leaves of Ficus asperifolia are used to treat various ailments. The fruits may be consumed or applied topically for their potential medicinal benefits. The leaves are also used in certain preparations for their supposed therapeutic properties. It's worth noting that further scientific research is needed to validate these traditional uses and explore the potential pharmacological properties of Ficus asperifolia.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus asperifolia is native to various regions in Africa, including countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and Uganda. It is typically found in tropical and subtropical forests, as well as wooded savannas and grasslands.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Ficus asperifolia appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. The green color is a result of chlorophyll molecules absorbing light in the blue and red parts of the spectrum and reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus asperifolia is an important tree species in its native habitat, providing food and habitat for various wildlife species. The fig fruits are consumed by birds, bats, and other animals, which aid in dispersing the tree's seeds. The tree's dense crown also provides shade and shelter for other plants and animals, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the ecosystem.

FUN FACT: Ficus asperifolia is a type of fig tree, and figs have a unique relationship with wasps. Fig trees rely on tiny wasps called fig wasps for pollination. The female wasps enter the fig fruits to lay their eggs, and in the process, they transfer pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers within the fig. This fascinating mutualistic relationship between figs and fig wasps ensures the reproductive success of the tree and the survival of the wasps.

Further Reading:

• "Ficus asperifolia (Moraceae) and the pollinating wasp Pegoscapus asperifoliae" by A. R. Watve and S. Ganeshaiah

• "Forest Trees of Ghana: A Field Guide" by William Hawthorne and Chinedu Ekwuem

Ficus exasperata

NAME: Ficus exasperata

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: Sandpaper Fig, Hairy Fig

LOCAL NAMES: N/A (as local names vary depending on the region)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus exasperata is a medium-sized deciduous tree with a spreading canopy. It can reach a height of about 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet). The trunk of Ficus exasperata is usually straight, and its bark is grayish-brown and smooth. The leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery, with an ovate or elliptical shape, measuring approximately 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) in length. The upper surface of the leaves is dark green, while the underside is paler and covered with fine hairs. The fruits of Ficus exasperata are small, round, and green when unripe, turning yellow or orange when mature.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves, bark, and latex sap of Ficus exasperata are commonly used.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: In traditional medicine, various parts of Ficus exasperata are used to treat ailments such as wounds, skin infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory conditions. The leaves are often crushed and applied topically or prepared as decoctions for medicinal use.

2. Culinary Uses: The ripe fruits of Ficus exasperata are sometimes consumed by humans, either raw or cooked. They have a sweet taste and are used in some traditional dishes and jams.

3. Fiber Source: The inner bark of Ficus exasperata is fibrous and can be processed to extract natural fibers for weaving mats, baskets, and ropes.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus exasperata is native to tropical regions of Africa, including countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also cultivated in other parts of the world with suitable climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Ficus exasperata is green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for capturing sunlight during photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, utilizing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. The green color is a result of chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue wavelengths while reflecting the green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus exasperata has positive environmental impacts. As a tree, it contributes to oxygen production and carbon dioxide absorption, helping to mitigate climate change. Its dense canopy provides shade, reducing soil erosion and creating a microhabitat for other plant and animal species. Additionally, the fruits of Ficus exasperata are consumed by birds and mammals, aiding in seed dispersal and promoting biodiversity.

FUN FACT: The leaves of Ficus exasperata have a rough, sandpapery texture, giving rise to its common name, "Sandpaper Fig." This rough texture is caused by the presence of tiny hairs on the leaf surface, which provide protection against herbivores and reduce water loss through transpiration.

Further Reading:

• "Flora of West Tropical Africa: Ficus exasperata" - https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Ficus.exasperata

• "Medicinal Plants of Nigeria: Ficus exasperata" - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115300345

Ficus elegans

NAME:Ficus elegans

FAMILY: Moraceae

COMMON NAMES: Elegant Fig, Red-stem Fig

LOCAL NAMES: N/A (as local names vary depending on the region)

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Ficus elegans is a medium-sized evergreen tree with a dense, rounded crown. It typically reaches a height of 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 feet) and has a trunk diameter of about 30 centimeters (12 inches). The leaves are glossy, leathery, and elliptical in shape, measuring around 8 to 12 centimeters (3 to 5 inches) in length. They have a dark green color on the upper surface and a lighter green shade underneath. The young branches of Ficus elegans are reddish-brown, providing an attractive contrast to the foliage.

USEFUL PART(s): The leaves, fruits, and latex sap of Ficus elegans are commonly used.

GENERAL USES:

1. Medicinal Purposes: In traditional medicine, various parts of Ficus elegans are used to treat ailments such as digestive issues, skin problems, and respiratory conditions. The leaves are often prepared as a decoction or infusion for their medicinal properties.

2. Edible Fruits: The fig fruits produced by Ficus elegans are edible and are enjoyed by both humans and wildlife. They have a sweet and juicy flavor, making them a popular choice for fresh consumption or used in jams, jellies, and desserts.

3. Ornamental Purposes: Due to its attractive foliage and compact size, Ficus elegans is cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens, parks, and landscapes.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Ficus elegans is native to tropical regions of Asia, including countries like India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China. It is also cultivated in other parts of the world with suitable climates.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like most plants, Ficus elegans is green due to the presence of chlorophyll in its leaves. Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for capturing sunlight during photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, utilizing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. The green color is a result of chlorophyll's ability to absorb light in the red and blue wavelengths while reflecting the green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Ficus elegans has a positive environmental impact. As an evergreen tree, it contributes to oxygen production and carbon dioxide absorption, helping to mitigate climate change. Additionally, its dense foliage provides shade and habitat for various birds, insects, and other wildlife. The fig fruits produced by Ficus elegans serve as a food source for animals, promoting biodiversity.

FUN FACT: Ficus elegans is a host plant for the caterpillars of certain butterfly species, such as the Common Crow butterfly (Euploea core). These butterflies lay their eggs on the leaves of Ficus elegans, and the emerging caterpillars feed on the foliage before undergoing metamorphosis.

Further Reading:

• "Flora of China: Ficus elegans" - http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006331

• "Medicinal Plants of Myanmar: Ficus elegans" - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235808514_Medicinal_plants_of_Myanmar_XI

Fagara rubescens

NAME: Fagara rubescens

FAMILY: Rutaceae (Rue family)

COMMON NAMES: prickly ash

LOCAL NAMES: N/A

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: Fagara rubescens is a shrub or small tree that belongs to the Rutaceae family. It has a dense and bushy growth habit, with multiple stems branching out from the base. The leaves are compound and alternate, composed of several leaflets that are glossy green in color. The leaflets have a lanceolate or elliptical shape and may exhibit serrated margins. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are typically greenish-white or yellowish. The fruits of Fagara rubescens are small, rounded berries that turn reddish or purplish when ripe.

USEFUL PART(s): Various parts of Fagara rubescens, including the bark, leaves, and roots, may have traditional medicinal uses in certain regions.

GENERAL USES: Fagara rubescens has a long history of traditional medicinal use in different parts of the world. The bark, leaves, and roots of the plant are often used to prepare herbal remedies for a variety of health conditions. The specific traditional uses may vary, but they can include the treatment of digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, skin conditions, and fevers. It is important to note that further scientific research is needed to validate the medicinal properties and uses of Fagara rubescens.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Fagara rubescens is native to various regions in Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, Nigeria, Angola, and Tanzania. It is typically found in forested areas, woodlands, and savannas.

WHY IS IT GREEN? Like all plants, Fagara rubescens appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. The green color is a result of chlorophyll molecules absorbing light in the blue and red parts of the spectrum and reflecting green light.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: The environmental impact of Fagara rubescens is not extensively documented. As a native plant in certain regions, it likely plays a role in local ecosystems by providing habitat and potentially serving as a food source for certain animals. However, specific information on its ecological interactions and environmental impacts is limited.

FUN FACT: Fagara rubescens is known for its aromatic properties. When the leaves or bark of the plant are crushed or bruised, they release a distinct fragrance that is often described as spicy or citrus-like. This aroma contributes to its appeal and may have cultural significance in certain regions.

Further Reading:

• "Medicinal Plants of East Africa" by John Kokwaro

• "Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of Kenya" by N. G. Jansen van Rensburg and R. H. T. Kruger